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MAKY C. ?>lOK<JAN. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY 
Group X No. 69R 



Girls and Athletics 



Giving a brief summary of the activity, rules and 
method of administration of the following games 
in girls' schools and colleges, women's clubs, etc. 



ARCHERY, BASKET BALL, CRICKET, FENCING 
FIELD DAY, FIELD HOCKEY, GYMNASTICS, GOLF 
HAND BALL. ICE HOCKEY, INDOOR BASE BALL 
ROWING, SOCCER, SKATING, SWIMMING, TENNIS 
TRACK ATHLETICS, VOLLEY BALL, WALKING 
WATER POLO, WATER BASKET BALL 



EDITED BY 



MARY C. MORGAN 

of Lansdowne Country Club 

Philadelphia 

(A Member of the Class of 1915, Bryn Mawr College) 



PUBLISHED BY 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 

11 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK 






Copyright. 1917 

BY 

American Sports Publishing Company 
New York 






m 28 1917 
'G1,AJ55735 



Contents 

Publishers' Note g 

Acknowledgments q 

GiKLs AND Athletics j_^q 

^ Field Hockey 11-33 

The Game, 12; the team as a whok-, 13; how to hold 
stick, 13 ; passing, 14 ; dribbling-, 15 ; the bully, 16 • 
shooting goals, 16 ; positions of team, lG-20. 
The Regulations — Field, 23 ; goals, 23 ; striking circle 
24 ; dress, 24 ; stick, time, score, officials, 25. 
?,'^r^^5— ^^ governing bully, 26-27; II., for goal 27: 
Iir., for sticks, 28; IV., for free hit, 28-29; for out of 
bounds 29-30 ; VI., for undercutting. 31 ; VII., for off- 
sade .:il; VIII. running in on the left, 31; IX., turning 
on the ball 31-32; X., handling, 32 ; XI., kicking 32I 
Xri.. rough play, 32 ; XIII., time-out 32-33 • XIV 
umpire, 33. , o ou , ^iv., 

Basket Bai.l 31-39 

The game, 34-39; matches, 39. 

Gymnastics 40-4G 

Floor work 41-42 ; apparatus work, 42-45 ; meet or exhi- 
bition, 4o-46. 

Tback Athletics 47-G3 

Requirements and Explanations — Track, 49 • dis- 
tances to be run, 49 ; distances and arrangement of hur- 
dles, rjf) ; list of junior and senior track events 50-51 • 
jumping pits, 51-52 ; circle for putting the shot," 52. 
Events— Sprinting, .53-,o4 ; the start, 54-55; hurdling-, 
t%'2.^y' running broad jump, 57; standing broad jump, 
.>7-.>8: running hop, step and jump. 58; running high 
jump, o8-u9; standing high jump, 59; pole vault, 50-60; 
shot put, GO ; basket ball throw, 61 ; base ball throw, 
thr ^"g2 t^r<^w, 61; javelin throw, 61-62; discus 

How to Conduct a Tback Meet 64-C7 

Field Day 68~G9 

Walking 70^72 

Tramps or hikes, 71-72 ; competitive walking, 72. 

Golf 73-78 

^^ATING 7^81 



. . 82-84 

Ice Hockey • 

85-89 

^^The stroke' 85-86; racing, 8G-88 ; paddling, 88^89. 

90-96 

Tennis .••• 

The court 00; the game, 90-95; matches or tournaments, 

»»■«"• 97-100 

Cricket ..••••••••* 

Tlie game, 97-99 ; as played at Smith CoUege, 100. 

..... 101-107 

Soccer 'r,'* 

The game, 101-105; rules, 105-10(. 

108-112 

Archery , ^ ^„f. 

The bow and arrow, 108-109; the aim and draw 109- 
110 -games, 110-111; tournament, 111; score, 111-112, 
club's, 112. ^ ^ ^^3_^^^ 

Indoor Base Ball 

The game, 113-114; rules, 114-117. 

. . 11&-120 

American Hand Ball 

The game. 118-119 ; rules, 119-120. 

121-122 

Irish Hand Ball Rules 

123-128 

^^""Tpw to'h^ld'the ioil* 124; on guard,* 125; parries, 
l'^6 127 ; attack, 127-128. 

, . . 129-139 

meets? 137-138 ; all-around swimming test, 139. 
WATER BASKET Ball AND Water POLO . • • ; • -140-148 
WATER BASKET BALi^The game ^nd rules 141-143. 
WATER POLO-The game. 143-144; rules, 144-148. 

... 149 

Volley Ball 

... 150-151 
Philadelphia Hockey League 

r. ^a . . 152-153 

Activity of Missouri Colleges 

GIKLS- BRANCH OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AXHLETIO ^^^^^^ 

League ice iw 

INTEBCOLLEGIAIE AuUMNAE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION . . 156-157 



Spalding's athletic libeaey. 



Publishers' Note 

Miss Mary C. Morgan, who has been chosen to edit 
the volume, ''Girls and Athletics,'' is an all-around 
athlete of remarkable ability. As a student at 
Friends Central School, Philadelphia, and at Bryn 
Mawr College Miss Morgan played on basket ball, i 
track, water polo, and field hockey teams and par- 1 
ticipated in the gymnastic events. At Bryn Mawr 
she held the individual cup in 1913 and 1914 for 
the highest number of points in the Interclass Track 
and Field meet. On the track she shares the world's 
record for women of 12 seconds in the 100-yard 
dash and she holds the world's record of 15 2/5 
seconds in the 100-yard hurdle race of eight hurdles 
each 2 feet 6 inches high. Both of these records were 
made on cinder track with rubber-soled shoes in the 
cumbersome bloomer and jumper costume (cum- 
bersome as compared to the scanty attire of male 
track and field athletes). Miss Morgan also shares 
the Bryn Mawr College record of 6 1 /5 seconds for 
the 50-yard dash and holds the college record fci 
the standing broad jump— 7 feet 9 inches. 

American Sports Publishing Co. 



6 Spalding's athletic libkaey. 

Acknowledgments 

The editor is very much indebted to the following 
persons for their kind interest and assistance: Miss 
Harriet Ballintine, Director of Physical Training at Vas- 
sar College; Mr. Philip Bishop, Instructor in Gymnas- 
tics at the Haverford School and Advisory Swimming 
Coach at Bryn Mawr College; Dr. Frances Boynton of 
the New Haven Normal School of Physical Training; 
Miss Elizabeth Burchenal, Executive Secretary of the 
Girls* Branch of the PubHc Schools Athletic League, 
New York, and to the committee of the League: Dr. 
Florence Gilman of Smith College; Miss Josephine Katz- 
enstein, a member of the Lansdowne Country Club 
and the All-Philadelphia Hockey teams; Miss Lorena L. 
Parrish, Physical Director of Howard Payne College; 
Miss Lillian Schoedler, Honorary President of the 
Intercollegiate Alumnse Athletic League; Miss Dorothy 
Wooster of Smith College, and Mr. A. M. Gillam. 

The editor also wishes to thank the schools, colleges 
and country clubs who so kindly replied to the question- 

aire sent out. ^^_^ 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Spalding's Official Athletic Handbooks (American 
Sports Publishing Company, New York). 

Official Handbook of the Girls' Branch of the Public 
Schools Athletic League, New York. Hand- 
book of Athletic Games (Bancroft and Pulver- 
maeher; Macmillan, New York). A Survey 
of Track Athletics for Women (Reprmted from 
the American Physical Education Review, 
January, 1916). Dr. Harry E. Stewaxt, Physi- 
cal Director New^ Haven (Conn.) Normal 
School of Gymnastics. 



Spalding's athletic library. 7 

Girls and Athletics 

By Mary C. Morgan. 

In gathering information for this volume a question- 
aire was sent to some three hundred schools and colleges. 
Replies were received from two hundred and thirty-seven 
of these. Of this number only one school went on record 
as opposed to athletics for girls and women. All of the 
others make provision for athletics or some form of physi- 
cal education. Some schools provide little or no super- 
vision, it is true, but the great majority provide for or 
realize the necessity for provision of adequate control 
of this form of training. 

The impression one receives from scanning the replies 
to the questionaire is undoubtedly that general athletics 
for girls are becoming more and more popular, and that 
development is slowly but surely broadening out to 
include eventually almost every form of athletics for al- 
most every girl. 

From the physical standpoint, any exercise under favor- 
able circumstances is beneficial in that it develops and 
brings into play the muscles of the body and stimulates 
the whole system. But all forms of athletics should be 
carefully supervised, particularly for growing girls. Every 
participant should have a thorough physical examination 
and if any limitations are placed upon her athletics, the 
reasons for such restrictions should be carefully ex- 
plained. It is natural that some people are more deli- 
cate than others — absolutely unfit for some of the more 



8 SPALDlNG^S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

strenuous games—but there are always less strenuous 
exercises which may be indulged in. 

The physical condition being assured, the girl should 
be watched so that she does not enter into the sports 
or games with too much intensity. It is a common ten- 
dency of the average American girl to throw her whole 
soul into the particular matter at hand. If it happens 
to be athletics, often her enthusiasm helped cut by a 
thoroughly admirable spirit and by quite a lot of ^'grit"— 
as her brothers term it— keeps her playing when she is 
really tired out physically. This is the time where a 
coach— or if there is no coach, friendly advice— will show 
the girl that she is not getting any benefit out of the 
exercise, and she is running the risk of injuring herself. 

This excess is as wrong in athletics as it is m any- 
thing else. Be temperate. 

My advice to every girl is: Know your physical con- 
dition; use common sense and gauge the amount of exer- 
cise you take by your physical condition and stamina. 

Athletics as a builder of character are just as impor- 
tant as a builder of physical strength. Fair vlo^V and 
good sportsmanship are the two maxims kept constantly 
before the eye. A girl who has won the reputation of 
being a clean, square player is happy herself and is ad- 
mired by all with whom she comes in contact. There is 
no higher comphment than to be called a ''good sports- 
woman.'' A girl who can lose and smile, or win and not 
exult over her opponent's defeat, is quite apt to get some- 
thing bigger than mere physical development out of hei 
athletics. ! 



Spalding's athletic library. 9 

Training 

A few girls have asked me, ''How can I learn to play 
this or that game well?" Athletics are just Hke almost 
every phase of life; it requires practice and experience 
before one becomes skilled. If, then, a girl wishes to be 
successful it is best to make a thorough study of the 
branch of sport she is going to take up and practice, 
assimilating each detail carefully. The amount of time 
it takes to become proficient depends upon the natural 
ability of the person — some people are much more tal- 
ented in athletics than others. 

The best advice I can give is to know your game 
thoroughly, so that you may play with your head as well 
as your body. Practice until you have confidence in 
your ability. Do not practice so constantly and con- 
tinually that you become ''stale." A little practice taken 
regularly is often more beneficial than a lot of practice 
which tires you out so that you are unfit for more the 
next day. Do a little bit, so that you are not tired, 
increasing the practice slowly. 

Some people believe in set training rules; others do 
not. It is best to be in good physical condition all 
the time if it is possible; it stands to reason, however, 
that for especial speed and endurance the physical con- 
dition should be nearly perfect. Sleep is a very neces- 
sary factor; therefore, every athlete should have a long 
and sound sleep every night. As for diet, there is a 
difference of opinion. It seems reasonable that no heavy 
food, nor rich food that is indigestible, should be eaten. 
In particular, just before a contest, a light meal should 



10 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

be eaten with the proper time for digestion allowed be- 
fore plajdng. Some people make the mistake of eating 
heavily and then playing immediately afterward. The 
most sensible training seems to be, eat the most nourish- 
ing and easily digested food. 

What to Wear 

Dress sensibly. For track and field games, basket 
ball and other games that require speed, agility and the 
freest play of all muscles, by all means wear bloomers 
and a middy blouse. For tennis, golf and the other less 
strenuous games, wear shirtwaist or middy blouse and a 
skirt wide enough and short enough to give the most play 
of the leg muscles. For instance, there is nothing so 
ridiculous as to see a girl athlete togged with more regard 
for the impression she is making on the male part of the 
gallery than for getting the most physical benefit out of 
her game. I have great sympathy for every girl who 
takes pride in her appearance at all times. I maintain 
that it is both possible to present a neat and an agreeable 
appearance and at the same time to dress sensibly for the 
business at hand. In each of the following chapters on 
the various forms of sports I have endeavored to say a 
word about dress specifically for that sport, unless it is 
evident what costume is suitable. Back of it all I will 
repeat this fundamental: Dress sensibly. 



Spalding's athletic library. H 



Field Hockey 

Field hockey, next to basket ball, is the most popular 
team game played by girls; and it is a comparatively new 
game here, as it has been played in America only since 
1901. Miss Harriet Ballintine, Director of Physical 
Training at Vassar College, in her pamphlet, 'The His- 
tory of Phj^sical Training at Vassar College," gives an 
account of the beginning of hockey in America: ''Until 
1901, English field hockey was comparatively unknown 
in this country. Before this it had been played by men 
at the Springfield Training School, and to some extent at 
Mount Holyoke College. Dr. J. H. McCurdy of the 
Springfield School in writing of the game says: 'The men 
at Springfield first played the game of field hockey in 
1897. Regarding where field hockey was first played in 
this country (by girls), the girls at Mount Holyoke Col- 
lege had begun playing the game, I think, before Miss 
Applebee's arrival in this country. They had been down 
to a number of our championship games. Arrangements 
had been made for some of our students to coach the 
Mount Holyoke girls in hockey, when I found Miss 
Applebee was in this country and recommended their 
getting her.' " 

Many hockey players owe their interest in the game to 
Miss Applebee. notable for her inspiring coaching and the 
knowledge of hockey that she has imparted to her pupils. 

To the devotees of this game, there is no other sport 
that quite comes up to it. In a game of hockey there is 



12 Spalding's athletic libraby. 

a spirit of freedom, of exhilaration, of gladness that comes 
from a true love of sport. And it has other advantages- 
absence of roughness, plenty of vigorous exercise in the 
open air, and yet not extraordinarily violent. It is a 
game that may be played by all types; a game that is 
played by a large number on each team. 

The Game. 

Hockey is played on a level field of turf similar to a 
football or lacrosse field. There are eleven players 
on each team, thus there are twenty-two players on 
the field at one time. Each player is equipped with a 
stick with a curved head. A cricket ball is used. The 
eleven players are divided into groups: forwards, half- 
backs, fullbacks and goal. Each group calls for a different 
type of player. The teams line up (according to illus- 
tration) in the center of the field. The forwards are the 
attackers, whose duty it is to advance the ball into their 
opponents' territory and score a goal (Rule II). The 
halfbacks assist the forwards in attacking and with the 
fullbacks and goal keeper defend their own goal. 

The umpire blows the whistle and the game begins 
with the two center forwards bullying. The ball has 
been placed in the middle of center line, the center 
forwards stand with one foot on each side of center line 
directly opposite each other, right shoulder toward their 
own goal. (See Rule for Bully.) After the bully is com- 
pleted, the ball hit out, then play commences. The for- 
wards of the team in possession of the ball rush it down 
toward the opponents' goal and try to shoot a goal while 



Spalding's athletic libkaby. 13 

the opposing defense tries to prevent any score. Each 
time the ball is fairly hit over the goal line, one point is 
made by team scoring goal. Two halves, length of which 
is agreed upon by captains, are played. The team scoring 
the greatest number of goals by the end of second half 
wins the game. 

The Team as a Whole. 
The main factor in hockey is team play. There may 
be one or two players of stellar ability on the team, but 
if the team does not play well together it is not well 
balanced. It is not an individual but eleven individuals 
welded together that form a team. Every girl should 
consider — when playing hockey — that her stick is her 
best friend; therefore it should be chosen carefully and 
with due consideration. There are three important quali- 
ties a stick should have: balance, weight and length. The 
balance should be even, not in the handle, but more in the 
curved head of stick; not too heavy there however. The 
weight of the stick should be 21 or 22 ounces for a forward, 
23 or 24 for a halfback, 24 or 25 for a fullback or goal 
keeper. Never carry a stick that is too heavy. The 
stick should be just long enough for a comfortable grip. 
It should be neither too long nor too short. 

How TO Hold Stick. 

The stick should be firmly held in both hands, with 

the left hand gripping the handle at the end (top) of 

stick with the fingers forward; the right hand grips the 

stick directly below the left hand, touching but not over- 



14 Spalding's athletic libkary. 

lapping the left hand. The hands should never be sepa- 
rated because this tends to make a player stoop over, 
thus losing in strength of stroke. At the beginning of the 
stroke, the stick should be carried back toward the right 
(the right arm must be kept straight to avoid ^'sticks'' 
— a foul, see Rule III) until the left arm is straight; 
then the stick should be carried forward, striking ball 
squarely. At the finish of the stroke, the right arm 
should still be kept straight and the end of stick turned 
in (i. e., toward body) and down to avoid making 
"sticks" at end of stroke. 

While the stick is not in use or while player is running 
it should be carried in both hands horizontally at com- 
fortable height, as long as it is below the shoulder. 

Let us consider the forward line. It is made up 
of five positions: left wing, left inside, center forward, 
right inside, right wdng. Players for these positions 
should be selected for the following qualifications : ability 
to run with average speed; ability to shoot hard, clean 
goals; endurance and wind necessary for constant sprints. 
It is up to the forwards to keep the ball in the opponents* 
territory; for this, there are two ways of advancing the 
ball — passing and dribbling. 

Passing. 
Passing, since it is less individual and makes for more 
team play, should be ranked first. There are short and 
long passes. The short are generally quick passes between 
a forward and her nearest teammate, that is, between 
an inside and center or between an inside and wing. The 



Spalding's athletic libkary. 15 

long pass is across the center from the left side of the 
field to the right, or vice versa. All passes should be 
quick, clean and accurate. Here are a few things to 
avoid: Don't pass the ball straight ahead so that it 
goes to one of opposing team. DonH pass behind your 
own forward line. Don't pass to a guarded player. Don't 
wait to pass until you have been attacked, thus hurrying 
your pass. Don't (especially when passing to the wings) 
put all your strength in the stroke, sending the hardest 

ball you can. 

Dribbling. 

Next to passing comes dribbling. Every forward 
should know how to dribble. In dribbling the ball, both 
hands should be kept close together at the top of the 
stick; the stick is sometimes turned so that the flat side 
is forward; the wrist and hands are adjusted to any posi- 
tion of the stick. Only a few players are skilled enough 
to dribble with one hand. The ball should be kept close 
to the stick, slightly in advance of the runner. The 
most common fault is that the dribbler follows the ball 
instead of sending the ball just where she desires. 
The player who is a good dribbler keeps the ball under 
control, no matter how speedily she is running. If the 
ball is sent ahead too far then the dribbler is apt to lose 
control, but if it is kept close to the stick and just barely 
touched each time it is easier to manage. The dribbler 
should remember: never crouch over the ball, but stand 
erect; never let the ball get too far ahead; never permit 
an opponent to get so close that you cannot pass the 
ball to a teammate quickly. Never keep the hall selfishly. 



16 Spalding's athletic library. 

The Bully. 
The forwards are called on frequently to bully — the 
start and twenty-five-yard bully (see Rule I) — so the bully 
should be practised until each forward is quick and accu- 
rate. There should be an understanding among the 
forwards and halfbacks as to which way the ball will be 
hit out on the bully so that some one is always ready for 
it. The right hand should grip almost three-quarters 
way down the stick, the player then must bend over 
the stick. The feet are wide apart, planted firmly on the 
ground. (See Rule for Bully.) After the three separate 
^'grounds and sticks" the ball is hit out. It is here that 
quickness and skill count. The halfbacks — one from each 
team — always back up a bully to help their forwards. 

Shooting Goals. 
It is not necessary to say that it is most important for 
a forward to shoot goals. She should shoot as often, as 
hard and as accurately as she can, and she must follow 
her shots in. This is her main duty and no forward is 
up to the mark unless she can shoot goals. 

Center Forward. 
Center forward is the keystone position. Her duties 
are to bully off at the center (for start and after each 
goal), to keep the forwards in a straight line, to shoot 
goals, to distribute passes to the left and right sides evenly. 
If a center forward has a clear field it is all right for her 
to dribble, but, as a rule, she should play a passing game. 
She also has many opportunities to shoot. 



Spalding's athletic library. 17 

Right Inside. 
The right inside is governed by the same dribbling and 
passing rule as the center. She should be particular to re- 
ceive the passes of the left wing. Also a lot of the shoot- 
ing falls to her. Both insides should play close to the 
center if the center has the ball, or close to the wing if 
the wing has the ball. 

Left Inside. 
The left inside is a more difficult position to receive 
passes and to shoot from. It is often wiser for a left inside 
to allow a ball to go to another forward if she is not in a 
good position to receive it. As a rule, the best balls for 
her are from the right. 

Right Wing. 
The wings should be fast players. In particular, the 
right wing has a splendid opportunity for dribbling and 
passing. It is mainly the duty of the wings to advance 
the ball; if, however, the opportunity arises, they should 
shoot. The wing should be careful never to send the 
ball too far ahead; never to let a ball go outside the side 
lines if it is possible to stop it; never dribble farther than 
the twenty-five-yard line; always send the ball toward 
the center of the field. 

Left Wing. 

The left wing should be careful to dribble only when 

she has a clear field. In receiving a ball, the wing, if 

possible, should stand with her left shoulder toward the 

goal she is attacking. Three common faults of a left 



18 Spalding's athletic LiBRiiRY. 

wing are: Letting the ball go out of bounds on her side 
too often, thus giving the other side a roll-in; getting 
into an off-side position; turning on the ball. (See 
Rules VII and IX.) 

Halfbacks. 

All of the halfback positions are extremely hard to 
play because they require great endurance, a moderate 
amount of speed, hard hitting, and a fighting spirit. 
The halfbacks are both attackers and defenders. First, 
in attacking they feed the forwards by passes to them. 
They should follow up the forward line closely and when 
the forwards are inside the circle should be ready to 
shoot if a chance comes. On the defensive they should 
stick to the opposing forwards closely. The fullbacks 
and halfbacks should work together on defense. 

Center Halfback. 
The center halfback backs up the bullies in the center 
of the field and she feeds primarily the center and insides. 
In defending she guards the opposing center forward and 
the insides if they are playing close to the center. The 
half should always watch to see which forwards are free. 
She should not send the ball to the spot from which it has 
just come, as that spot is apt to be guarded, but should 
change the direction. 

Right Halfback. 
The right halfback feeds the right wing and the right 
inside. If both of these are carefully guarded, then she 
should send ball to center or to the other side of field. 



Sl'\I,I)IN(j's ATHLETIC LlHRAllY. ID 

In (lef(ui.s(i sli(i guards tlic^ l(;ft wing or t\w. \vS{. inside -if 
the inside is nvixr tlu! wing. Slie also backs up all the 
bullies on her side of t\n) Vmo. 

JjKFT If^LFHACK. 

The left halfback feeds tlu^ left wing and th(; left inside 
unless they are guarded, tlien sIk; (;hang(;s th(; dir(M*,tion 
of the ball. Th(; h^ft half should s( nd very carc^ful, w(;ll- 
placed balls to her wing and inside, })alls that slant a 
little bit, not straight ahead. As tin; right wifig is ii\)i to 
dribble, the left half sliould be very ((uiek and sliould be 
careful to avoid running in on the I(;ft. (Rule VIII.) 

The halfbacks should reinfunber: Never to give; u[); 
if your opi)onent giits away, run after Ikt and siof) Ikt; 
never hit through the forward line, always hit tin; ball 
to somebody; never run out of position to taekh^ an 
opponent. Each half sliould sti(;k closely to the; girl she is 
guarding. Never int(;rf(3re with the work of the fullback 
or the goal keeper. 

FULLIJACKS. 

The fullbacks are primarily defensive players although 
they have opportuniti(;s for long shots to tlie forwards. 
The fullbacks and the lialfba(;ks should never mix up, 
by guarding the same girl. TIk; fullbacks stay near thciir 
own goal. If the right half is guarding the l(;ft wing 
and the center half tlie C(3nter forward, then the left inside 
remains for the right full})ack to guard. When one full- 
back is up the field, that is, near the fifty-yard line; fslie 
must never go beyond the fifty-yard line), th(; other full- 
back should be back toward the goal. 'J'he players on the 



20 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

defense should never be bunched in front of the goal, and 
in hitting the ball away from the goal, they should hit out 
toward the side lines — never across the center. In a 
corner or a bully the fullbacks should guard the goal 

closely. 

Goal Keeper. 

The goal keeper should be very cool — not get rattled 
if a goal is made by the opposing side. It is well for 
the goal keeper to watch the eyes of the opposing forward ; 
often in that way she can tell where the forward is going 
to shoot. The goal keeper should never be drawn away 
from her goal line. She should stand about a foot in 
front, but no farther away. Above all, the goal keeper 
should have courage; she should not step hack from any 
hall, afraid to stop it. 

Not only should she rely on her stick, but she should 
remember that she may kick and stop the ball with her 
body. The main object is to keep the ball out of the 
goal and get it in less dangerous territory. This often 
requires quick, clear thinking on the part of the goal 
keeper. The fullbacks should never leave the goal keeper 
alone and unprotected; nor should they stand so close 
to her, nor so directly in front of her, that they impede 
her playing or obstruct her view of the play. The goal 
keeper must never lose sight of the hall. 

There are a few general directions that might be given 
for playing. Keep your own position — don't run out of 
your place to interfere in someone else's. Use your head — 
flighty playing merely ends in wildness and nothing ac- 
complished. Save your strength — do not use it up in the 



8PAlil)lN(} S iVTllLKTK) LI l!li.\ !»' V 21 

arst mad rushos and terrifio hits. It is tlin (U)iisist('iit, 
stoady, depoiuhiblo player who wins the game. 

A great deal of time is wasted in the roll-in, that is, 
when the ball is put in play after j-oin*-- over tlu^ sidc^ line. 
The team taking the roll-in should have.' sigtials, that is, 
an understanding as to the line-up. The halfback gen- 
erally takes the roll-in unless tlu; point when^ roll-in oc- 
curs is near the goal linc^ Ixung defended, then tlx; roll-in is 
taken by the fullback. The ball should l^e sent to the 
p(^rson best ])repared to receive it -the wing if she is five 
or the inside or liairi)a(;k; sometimes it ev(Mi may b(^ rolled 
back toward the fullback. 

The opponents never h^ave any i)lay(;r unguarded. As 
soon as the; roll-in is called, it should be taken (piickly. 

Just as quickness is an advantage in taking the roll-in 
so it is in the free hit. The halfback in whose; territory 
the foul occurred should take tin; fre(! hit (piickly, before 
her teammates may be guarded. Kvc.vy (hlay nujans that 
the opponents have an opportunity to guard more; (tlosely. 
In taking the free hit, be careful to hit to an unguarde^d 
player. Make the free hit count. 

In the corner play the liit should jx; (-anifully taken 
by the halfback, or sometimes it is tak(in by tlu; wing. 
The attackers line up around tlx; (^dgc; of th(; striking 
circle ready to stop the ball and shoot for the; gojd; the 
defenders are Ijchind the line ready to rush oiit and g(;t 
the ball away from dangerous territory. 'V\n) phiycs tak- 
ing the free hit should be careful that the ball goes within 
the circle; that it is hit hard and clcsanly — n(;ver send a 
ball that hops; that the ball is sent to a particular player, 




^ 



c 









^ 



4 Yards! Jong 
2S YARD XINE 



O so yardO 



i^ 



G 

Ll?sfE 



S5 YARD IINE 



15 Yards 



r.l.X^^sJong 



STRIKING: « 
CIRCLE*:^ 



GOAL 



I-i^oalT 




LINES 



1/5 



/^ 



Z' 



Yard 
from each 
Tlag PpJeto 
Side Liae 



)^ 



60 Yards to 55 Yards in width 

DIAGRAM OF FIELD WITH NECESSARY MARKINGS AND SHOWING 
THE PROPER LINE-UP OF TEAMS AT START OF GAME. 



Spalding's athletic libeary. 23 

preferably the center forward or either of the insides. 
It is not often advisable for a wing to stop a ball hit in 
from the corner hit. 

To decide a championship or the winner of a hockey 
tournament, it is advisable to play three games, the 
winner of two being the winner of the series. If one 
team wins the first two games it is unnecessary to play 
the third; if there are more than two teams contesting, 
it is advisable to have preliminary rounds, the winners 
meeting the winners, etc. 



The Field of Play 

The Field. 

The dimensions of the field are: maximum length, 100 
yards; minimum, 85 yards; maximum breadth, 60 yards; 
minimum, 55 yards. The field of play is marked by 
boundary lines; the end are ''goal lines," and the side, 
''side lines." Flag posts, four feet in height, one yard 
outside the field of play, are placed at each of the four 
corners and at each end of the twenty-five-yard lines. 

There are three lines across the field, i. e., parallel to 
the end lines, running from side line to side line — one in 
the center of field, the fifty-yard line; one at each end 
of the field, each twenty-five yards from the goal line. 

The Goals. 
Th^ goals are marked by upright posts, equidistant 
from the comers of the goal lines, four yards apart, con- 



24 Spalding's athletic library. 

nected by a cross-bar seven feet from the ground. The 
space between the posts is known as the goal area. The 
maximum width of the posts and the cross-bars is two 
inches; the maximum depth, three inches. There is a 
goal at each end of the field. 

The Striking Circle. 

In front of each goal is a striking circle marked by the 
following lines: A line parallel to goal line, fifteen yards 
distant from, directly in front of the goal area, four 
yards in length. The ends of this line are joined to the 
goal line by a quarter circle fifteen yards in diameter 
measured from the nearest goal post. 

A line parallel to the side line, five yards distant, is 
drawn the length of the field. This is called the alley. 

It is important that the lines be distinctly marked in 
white. If there are nets behind the goal to catch 
balls, it aids the umpire in determining if a goal is 
scored. Goal posts and bar may be painted white. The 
ball is a leather cricket ball painted white. 

Dress. 
Bloomers and jumper are the most comfortable form 
of dress. If a skirt is worn it must be at least eight 
inches from the ground. Stopping the ball with the 
clothing is not good hockey. Light shoes with rubber 
soles, fitted for running, should be worn by the forwards 
and halves. Heavier shoes are worn by the fullbacks. 
The feet of the player ought to be well protected, in 



Spalding's athletic library. 25 

order that she may stop the ball with her feet. All 
players should v/ear shin-guards; the forwards and 
halves light ones, the fullbacks heavier. The goal 
keeper will find that the shin-guards used in cricket are 
not too heavy. 

If a hat is worn, it should be without pins and must 
have a soft brim. 

Many players prefer wearing gloves in order to protect 
their hands. 

The Stick. 

The stick should be a regulation stick, curved on one 
side, flat on the other. No stick must weigh more than 
28 ounces. 

Time. — The time of halves (usually 35 minutes) with 
the intermission should be determined by the captains. 

Score.-— Esich. goal made counts one point. Highest 
number of goals at end of game wins. There is no other 
score except by goals. 

Officials. — There is an umpire, who makes all decisions 
of goals, fouls and disputes. She is responsible for the 
good conduct of the game. There may be an umpire 
for each half of the field. Also a scorer, a timekeeper 
and two linesmen, who call the ball out of bounds and 
give decisions when appealed to. 

Each team has eleven players; for each side there is a 
captain, who tosses for choice of goal, protests to the um- 
pire, governs the team on the field. They must notify 
the referee of any change of line-up. 



26 Spalding's athletic ltbuary. 

Field Hockey Rules 

I. Rules Governing Bully. 

(a) The Bully is the method of putting the ball in 
play. A bully is played by two players, one from each 
team, who stand squarely opposite each other (each fac- 
ing a side line), each with her right side toward her own 
goal. The ball is placed between them, each player hav- 
ing a foot on eitlier side of the ball. Both first touch 
the ground on their right side of the ball, then they touch 
sticks. This is done alternately for three times, then 
either may touch the ball. After the ball is touched by 
either or both of the two players bullying it may be 
played by anyone. 

(b) The game is started at the beginning of the first 
and second halves by a bully-off on the center line. 

(c) After each goal is scored the ball is brought back 
to center line for bully-off, as in (6). 

(d) The teams line up in a bully on the side nearest 
their goal line and never step over the line of the ball, 
i. e., an imaginary line, if ball is not on center or twenty- 
five-yard line drawn across field. This is known as stand- 
ing behind the ball. 

(e) After time-out is called, the ball is put in play 
again by bully on the spot where time-out is taken. 

(/) If a foul is called on both teams, a bully is taken on 
the spot where the foul occurred. 

(g) If any rules of bully are not observed, bully is 
taken over again. 

(h) PenaUy-Bully.—A penalty-bully can only occur 
when a defender inside the circle deliberately breaks a 



Spalding's athletic library. 27 

rule, thereby directly preventing a goal from being scored. 
The bully is played on the spot where foul occurred by 
goal keeper and a chosen player from the other team. 
All other players stand beyond the nearest twenty-five- 
yard line until the bully is completed. The bully is only 
completed when: First, a goal is scored; second, the ball 
IS sent out of bounds by an attacker— if sent out by 
defender, penalty-bully is repeated; third, the ball is sent 
out of striking circle. In either of the first two cases 
the ball is put in play by a twenty-five-yard bully in the 
center of the nearest twenty-five-yard line. Any foul 
(except Rule I, a) by offender counts penalty goal or 
one point for opponents; any foul by attacker (except 
Rule I, a) the defender is given a free hit. The goal 
keeper in a penalty-bully may play only with the stick; 
she may not kick or stop ball with hands. If time is 
called, bully must first be completed. 

II. Rules for Goal. 
(a) To score a goal the ball must have been hit by 
or have touched the stick of an attacker within the 
striking circle. 

(6) The ball must pass entirely over the goal line be- 
tween the goal posts and under the cross-bar. 

(c) If a ball, after touching the stick of an attacker 
withm the circle, glances off the stick or person of a 
defender, it is a goal. 

{d) If a ball hit fairly glances off a goal post across 
the goal fine, it is a goal. 

(e) The umpire must judge fairness of goal. 



28 isi'Ai.niN(}*s ATiiLiyru^ liiujaky. 

111. KiiLES von Sticks. 

(a) The slick must iiovor be raised ubovc the shouldor 
ill liuy p.'irt. of (he stroke while hitting; the ball, nor may 
it be earrietl over sIiouKUm'. When this rule is broken 
within the sirikinj; circle by a dereiuler, the penalty is 
a pcnnlty-corntM'; if uclibcMati^ly broken, it is a penalty- 
bully. 

{b) The Ihil siih\ nc^ver the rounded, should be used 
in striking {]\c b:iU. 

((•) A playtM* should never catch thi^ curved part of 
her stick in that of \\cv op[H>nen('s. thereby hind(M'inu; her 
oppontnit/s play. This is hookinn;. 

((/) A player should n(^V(M- strike or liit her opponent's 
stick. 

((•) A i>layer should uimit lift her opponent's stii'k 
from the ground or in any such nianniM- mar \\cv 
stroke. 

(0 A plnyt^r should never tri[) ai\ opponent with stick. 

((/) No player without a stick may take part in piny. 

{h) For any infringemeui of rules, a free hit to oppos- 
ing sidt* wluMc^ foul oci'urriHl is granted, unless referee 
lieems the foul rough, thus liable to disqualiiication 



l\ . Hulks fou Fueic Hit. 
(a) When a team is accorded a free hit by an umpire, 
through a foul by opponents, the captain of the team 
shall designate the player (generally a halfback or fuU- 
bai'k) who is io take the hit, and no other player may be 
nearer the player taking the hit than live yards. The 



.SI>Ar,I)rN(j'M ATULVnid r<II'.RARY. 21) 

bull raiisi bo hit Hquarcly, not .scooped, 'i'lio froo iiit in 
iiikon ap;ain if this rule is not complied with. 

(h) Th(; [)l;iy(T who lias taken tin; fr(!0 hit may not 
touch the hall aj^ain until it has been touched by another 
player. 

(c) A foul by a defender in th(; striking circle upon 
taking a free hit is punished };y a pf;naH,y-corner. 

(d) If the player misses the ball entindy upon taking 
the; fr(!e hit, she may hit it again. 

{(i) If there is any infringement of tlie rule, the fr(;e hit 
is given to the other side except when the ball is scooped 
by th(; d(;fender inside tlu; c'lrch), wf)(!n the i)enalty is a 
p(;nalty-corner. 

V. Rules fofi Out of-^ [5ound.s. 

(a) When the ball is sent over tlie side lines it shall bo 
rolled in (by hand) by one of the team opposing the 
player wlio last toucfied it. In rolling in, the player 
taking the roll-in must stand — feet and stick — outside 
the side line at the point where ball went out. No 
player may stand inside the alley (or five-yard line) 
next to the side; lin(! ovf;r v/liif'fj it went out. T\\i\ b;i.ll 
must be roUcd, not thrown or liounced. It may be 
rolled in any dirf;ction, provided it touches within th(j 
fivci-yard space. The phxyor who lias taken the njll-in 
may not touch the ball until it has been touched \>y 
anothcT player. Tlie other players may step in the ;i,llf y 
as soon as ball touches. 

(h) First, if the ball is sent behind the g(jal line by an 
attacker; second, if a ball is iinint(;ntionally sent behind 



30 Spalding's athletic library. 

goal line by a defender more than twenty-five yards 
away from her goal line, it is a twenty-five-yard bully. 
The ball is placed on the twenty-five-yard line, exactly 
opposite the spot where it crossed the goal line. 

(c) If a ball is unintentionally hit across the goal line 
by a defender or glances off her stick over the goal line, 
it is a corner. In a corner, the attackers line up around 
the outer edge of the striking circle — feet and sticks — 
behind the line, with one of their team hitting the ball 
to them from the corner of the field (on the side or back 
line not more than three yards away from the corner) on 
the side of the goal line where ball went out. The 
defenders must stand — feet and sticks — behind their goal 
line at least five yards away from the player taking the 
corner hit. The defenders may rush out as soon as the 
ball is hit. Before the attackers may hit the ball toward 
the goal, the ball must be stopped — not necessarily dead. 
The player taking the corner bit may not hit the ball 
again until touched by another. (Penalty, free hit for 
opposing side.) If an attacker shoots for goal before 
ball has been stopped, it is a free hit for opposite side. 
If the player taking the corner hit misses it entirely on 
the first stroke, she may hit it again. 

(d) If a ball is (deliberately hit over goal line by a de- 
fender, it is a penalty-corner. Both teams line up as in 
an ordinary corner. The hit is taken, however, from a 
point on the goal line at least ten yards from the nearest 
goal post and no opposing player may be nearer than five 
yards. Ball must be stopped before replayed by attacker 
teammate unless it has been touched by defender. 



Spalding's athletic library. 31 

VI. Rules for Undercutting. 

(a) The ball may not be so hit that it is lofted or 
raised intentionally above the shoulder. 

(b) The ball may be "scooped" so that it may be 
raised moderately in air. 

(c) Penalty for intentionally lofting is a free hit 
for opposing side. 

VII. Rules for Offside. 

In the opponents' territory, no player may receive a 
ball from one of her own team standing farther from the 
goal than she, the receiver, unless there are at least three 
of her opponents between her and the goal. Violation 
of this rule is called offside. 

(h) A player is not penalized for offside if she does 
not touch the ball; if it was touched last by an opponent; 
if one of her own team nearer the opponents' goal than 
she hits the ball; if she is in her own half of the territory. 

(c) Penalty for offside is free hit for opposing side. 

VIII. Running in on the Left. 
No player shall run in on the left side of her opponent 
in order to gain possession of the ball so that any part of 
her person or stick touches any part of the person or 
the stick of the opponent. Penalty is free hit for oppos- 
ing side. 

IX. Turning on the Ball. 
No player having possession of the ball shall interpose 
her person between the ball and an opponent, nor shall 



32 Spalding's athletic ltbrary. 

she turn around the ball in order to obtain a more favor- 
able position for her stroke. Penalty is free hit. 

X. Handling. 

The ball may be caught or stopped by the hands, but 
must be immediately dropped perpendicularly to the 
ground so that no advance is made nor direction changed. 
It may not be picked up, carried or thrown. There 
shall be no shoving, pushing, or holding. If the ball 
stopped by goal keeper rebounds from her hand it is not a 
foul. Penalty is free hit. 

XL Kicking. 

No player may kick the hall except the goal keeper 

within her own striking circle. The foot may be used 

to stop the ball, but must be withdrawn and not used to 

block opponent's stroke at the ball. Penalty is a free hit. 

XII. Rough Play. 
There should be no charging (rushing or running into) 
shinning, tripping, personal handling, impeding progress, 
or hitting with stick. No player may obstruct, i. e., 
prevent opponent from reaching the ball or prevent oppo- 
nent from attacking teammate. Penalty is free hit or 
disquahfication if umpire decides the play is rough. 

XIII. Time-out. 
Time-out may be called by the umpire at the request ' 
of either captain only in case of injury or accident to | 



Spalding's athletic library. 33 

clothing or stick. Time-out should be called by umpire 
in case of loss of ball or dispute in regard to decision. 



XIV. Umpire. 
The umpire, or umpires, have control of the game, and 
are responsible for it. They must see that there is no 
rough play, and that the game is played according to 
rules. The umpires judge goals, roll-ins, bullies, corners. 
They also have the power to punish players for intention- 
ally delaying the game. The ball is in play until umpire's 
whistle blows. 



34 Spalding's athletic libeary. 



Basket Ball 

Basket ball needs no introduction. It is probably the 
most popular game played by girls. Through the work 
of the Executive Committee on Basket Ball Rules, headed 
by Mrs. Senda Berenson Abbott, chairman, the playing 
rules and the conditions under which the game may best be 
played have been thoroughly studied and set forth in the 
Spalding Official Basket Ball Guide for Women, No. 7 A. 

The game may be played either outdoors or indoors, 
depending upon conditions. When the circumstances 
permit it is always desirable to play out of doors. The 
writer is a firm believer in outdoor exercise wherever and 
whenever possible, but there is a decided need for a 
wholesome, interesting game for indoors during the long 
winter months. Basket ball undoubtedly fills this need. 

The game is played by two teams consisting of either 
five, six, seven, or nine players each. If the teams play 
with five on a side, there are two forwards, a center and 
two guards each; if with six on a side, there are two 
centers each; if with seven, three centers; if with nine, 
three forwards, three centers and three guards. 

The court (floor or field) is divided into three equal 
parts. The lines dividing the court are parallel to the 
end lines. They are known as field lines. The reason 
the court is thus divided is to define the space in which 
the various players may operate. Thus each set of 
players can operate only on their third of the court, so 
that the line game makes a minimum physical demand 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 35 

upon the player. That is, the forwards of Team A and 
the guards of Team B may run only in the third of the 
floor before the former's basket; the centers of both 
teams in the space in middle, and the guards of Team A 
and the forwards of Team B in the third of the floor 
before the latter's basket. 

The three general positions call for three different 
kinds of skill. The forwards should possess a good eye, 
' should have the knack of handling the ball well and 
should have agility and speed. The center should have 
height, ability to get possession of the ball and the knack 
of feeding well, that is, passing the ball to her forwards. 
The center rarely shoots for the basket in the line game. 
The guards, as their name implies, must prevent the 
opposing forwards from shooting a goal, so must be 
quick, active and able to jump well. 

The game begins with each team in position. The 
referee puts the ball in play by tossing it up between the 
centers, who jump and bat it (they must not catch it). 
When once in play the ball must be passed from one 
player to another— not handled, nor rolled, nor kicked. 
Nor may any player carry it, but she may bounce it 
once, taking not more than two steps during the bounce. 
Thus the game is essentially one of team play, which 
calls for fast, clever, clean co-operation in playing. The 
play continues until a score is made, or a player fouls, 
or the ball goes out of bounds. A score is made when 
a player shoots the ball into the basket from the field, 
which counts two points for the score of her team. A 
foul is made when a player of one side transgresses a rule of 



36 Spalding's athletic libeaey. 

the game — running with the ball, holding the ball more 
than three seconds, touching over the line with some part 
of person, guarding too closely, etc. When a player fouls, 
a free throw from a mark fifteen feet from and directly in 
front of the basket is allowed to a forward of the oppos- 
ing side. When the ball passes through the basket, rim 
and net, one point is added to the score of the team. 

When the ball goes over the boundary lines, the game 
is stopped and the ball is given to the nearest opponent 
of the girl who touched it last. She then passes the ball 
to one of her teammates, thus starting play again. 

The winning of the game is determined by the scoring 
of the most points (both field goals and free throws) in a 
given time — usually fifteen-minute halves with a ten- 
minute intermission. Baskets are exchanged at the end 
of the first half. 

From my own experience and observation I find the 
average player is weak in passing. One of the faults is in- 
accuracy. Every pass should count ; but if the pass is wild, 
thro^Ti at a teammate rather than to one, much strength 
and time is wasted. Throw directly to an unguarded 
player, or if she signals to send the pass to a certain spot, 
send the pass there. Think carefully what results come 
from a careless, inaccurate pass. It may end in fumb- 
ling, or the ball out of bounds, or the ball obtained by 
opponent, waste of time, delaying the game. 

The passing is apt to be slow. Get the ball out of your 
hands as quickly as possible. To do this, every player 
must know the relative positions of all her teammates. 
She must decide the moment the ball touches her hands 



Spalding's athletic libraey. 37 

to whom she is going to pass, then pass quickly and 
carefully. By quickly I do not mean hurriedly; I mean 
the player should not hold the ball an undue length of 
time deciding what to do with it. 

Many players have but one way of throwing the ball, 
always using the same pass. Vary your passing accord- 
ing to the need. If a high ball with a drop to it can be 
used, use it when your teammate is in a good position to 
receive. But do not use this style of pass exclusively. 
Try a short, swift pass. If when you are guarded for 
one pass, quickly change to another, such as, from an 
overhead pass— both arms holding bail high over head- 
to a low side pass— the arm held out toward the side, 
the palm of hand around the ball, which rests on the 
flexed hand and wrist. It takes a great deal of practice 
and team v/ork to make the passing perfect, but remember 
always be wide awake and alert, ready to receive the ball. 

Needless to say, the team work is the main factor. 
It is the way the team plays, not the way one player 
stars, that counts. 

Each of the different players has a different duty to 
perform. The forwards have to shoot both field and 
foul goals. In shooting baskets, it is of prime importance 
to have some chosen point on basket or back board to 
aim at. Of course, there are many forwards who shoot 
at random; goals are made, but many more are missed. 
Once this spot for the aim is made definite— through 
much practice — the aim becomes surer. 

Many a game has been lost through the inability to 
shoot foul goals. The feet should toe the 15-foot line 



38 Spalding's athletic libeaey. 

slightly apart, fixed firmly on the ground. The ball is 
held in both hands, palms flat on opposite sides of the 
ball; the lace is turned toward the basket. The knees 
are bent; the ball is carried forward and down, arms 
straight. Simultaneously the knees are straightened, the 
arms are carried forward and up, the ball leaves the 
hands. Just as the ball leaves the hands an ^'English'' 
is put on it. That is, the ball is twirled as it leaves the 
hands. The advantage of the ^'English'* lies in the fact 
that it serves to make the ball shoot through the basket 
instead of bounding out, as is often the case when it is 
tossed up a little off the true and without the spin. 

Good passing is necessary for the forwards. The for- 
ward should remember never to shoot unless she is in a 
favorable position; one forward should always stick close 
to the basket. Always try to keep free; pass to your 
opponent whenever possible; never keep the ball selfishly 
in order to gain a shot for yourself. 

The center should realize the importance of this posi- 
tion. Naturally the forwards cannot score goals unless 
the ball is sent to them. Thus, the center should be 
alert and quick, free to receive the pass from the guards 
and quick to send a good pass to her forwards, who should 
be dodging their guards, trying to get in a favorable posi- 
tion. Often the center can well make use of the bounce 
and step to get away from the opposing center. 

The guard has to remember that every time the for- 
ward gets the ball, if she is good, she has a chance to get 
it in the basket. Thus, it should be the main object of 
the guard to get the ball away from her end of the field. 



Spalding's athletic libraey. 39 

Every guard should try to get the ball and send it out 
of dangerous territory. Then she should stick closely to 
her forward, guarding her as closely as the rules allow. 

One fault of the guards is over-guarding. This is gen- 
erally done through over-anxiety. The guards should 
watch carefully so as not to foul. 

Jumper or middy blouse, bloomers and rubber-soled 
shoes make up the accepted costume. 

Above all, the element of good sportsmanship and fair 
play should enter into every game, no matter how 
strenuous the playing, and the slogan of the whole team 
should be, "Put the ball in the basket." 

Basket Ball Games or Tournament. 

An umpire who is competent and fair should have 
entire jurisdiction over the game. The game should be 
conducted in an orderly fashion, according to the rules. 

For a series or tournament, a set number of games 
should be played, such as two out of three; the winner 
is then the champion. If more than two teams play, 
the winners should play the winners, etc. Let me im- 
press the importance of set rules agreed to and known 
thoroughly by every player; this saves much dispute and 
sometimes bitter feeling. 

Leagues of basket ball teams, such as are to be found 
in some cities, etc., organized for the purpose of clean 
sport and good fellowship, have been extremely success- 
ful. Each team may play a set number of games with 
every other team, the winner of the most games being the 
champion of the league. 



40 Spalding's athletic libraey. 



Gymnastics 

Gymnastics, or work in a gymnasium, indoors or out, 
is recognized the world over for its utility. The term gym- 
nastics usually applies to a group or class drilled by an in- 
structor or coach. Gymnastic exercises may be, however, 
adapted to fit an individual, prescribed for her by a 
competent authority (which may be herself). 

The very great and growing popularity of gymnastic 
exercise is due to several facts. First of all, there is a 
general awakening to the need for organized exercise at 
most schools and colleges and within the ranks of many 
social organizations. Aside from walking, gynmastic ex- 
ercises, as they have been developed by the Swedes and 
the Germans, are possibly the most obvious form of bene- 
ficial physical exercise. Then this form of physical 
training has the very decided advantage of being suscep- 
tible to the widest kind of application. It may be graded 
so as to be beneficial to various groups of individuals of 
varying physical development. It may be given in the 
most scientific quantities — more so than any other form 
of exercise save walking. It may be used as a drilling 
force to instill discipline — against fire, for instance — in 
great groups of persons, for ability and sufficient knowl- 
edge in handling one's body quickly and efficiently in a 
crowd under abnormal conditions is quite an important 
and necessary accompfishment. In fact, everyone, no 
matter at what age, could do well by her or his body to in- 
dulge in some form of calisthenics or gymnastic exercise. 



Spalding's athletic libeaey. 41 

There are two main divisions of gymnastics — floor work 
and apparatus work. 

The floor work consists mainly of tactics, cahsthenics, 
drills with hand apparatus, such as wands, dumb bells, 
Indian clubs, etc., dancing and posturing exercises. 

The tactics consist mainly of marching by ones, twos, 
threes, fours, etc., of flank marching, and of circle march- 
ing. Form in this counts for a great deal together with 
quick execution of commands and memory of the proper 
method by which the figure is to be executed. Perfect 
form in marching consists of the head erect, the eyes 
straight ahead, the shoulders back, the arms down 
straight at the sides, the palms of the hands turned to- 
ward the bod}^ the fingers close together; the toes should 
be pointed and reach for the floor, so that the muscles 
of the leg and the thigh can feel the effort made. Also 
the marchers should observe carefully the space between 
each one and the straightness or regularity of the line. 
Watch the person ahead of you and beside you. This 
keeps the marching from being ragged. 

In the calisthenics and drills — Indian clubs excepted — 
the most used exercises are : the arm stretching or raising 
upward, downward, sideward, forward; the bending of 
the head, trunk, arms, or legs; the bending of the knees; 
the stretching of the legs; the lunges sideward and for- 
ward; the raising and sinking on the toes. These are 
the fundamental exercises and may be combined to form 
the different drills. To attain perfect form in these, 
it is best to watch a competent gymnast; after so doing 
it is possible, by careful imitation, to attain good form 



42 

yourself. These exercises may easily be practised in any 
sufficient space, in front of a mirror when possible. It 
is well to remember that form and grace are very impor- 
tant factors. Always keep in mind that the lines of the 
body should be kept symmetrical; that a lot of snap in 
executing the exercises is a help. 

The Indian club drills consist of full arm swings, circles, 
dips, etc. These can best be taught by a teacher. Form 
is the all-important factor here also. 

Dancing is divided into three separate groups : aesthetic, 
social, and folk dancing. The aesthetic develops the 
natural grace of the body; social dancing does this, too, 
but not to such a great extent. There are many girls 
who feel ungainly and unnatural in the aesthetic and social 
dances. For these are the folk dances. These dances 
are a natural expression of joy and good humor. The 
girl who is most unsuited to other types of dancing 
may enjoy and ultimately become very efficient in folk 
dancing. 

Posturmg may be added here. This is practising and 
attaining the correct poise and positions of the body. 

Apparatus work consists of exercises on the following: 
stall bar, horizontal bar, parallel bar, trapeze, swinging 
rings, traveling rings, ropes, rope ladder, horizontal lad- 
der, side horse, buck, etc. 

The secret of success in apparatus work lies in the 
knowledge of muscular control and of the balance of the 
body. By muscular control, I mean the power to exert 
the proper amount of strength at the exact moment; 
by balance, I mean adapting the weight of the body to 



Spalding's athletic library. 43 

the strength. Apparatus work should be undertaken 
carefully — if possible, under the supervision of an in- 
structor; mats should always be placed to break any 
fall. Too continued exercises tire even the best gym- 
nast; sometimes the girl does not realize she is tired, 
Between exercises give yourself plenty of rest and relax 
your muscles. 

As the subject is so extensive and so varied I can only 
mention a fev/ exercises. The most popular pieces of 
apparatus seem to be the side horse, the parallel bars, and 
the swinging rings. 

The Side Horse. — The most elementary exercises on 
the horse are the rests. The girl grasps the pommels 
of the horse and jumps to a straight-arm position; the 
body is straight, weight on the arms. Or she may jump 
to a kneeling position between the pommels; or she may 
jump to her toes. There are different ways of ending 
these exercises, either jumping back to the first position 
or jumping to the other side of horse. Another exercise 
is to run, grasp the pommels with both hands, arms 
straight, draw the legs up and shoot them between the 
pommels, landing on opposite side of the horse. The land- 
ing may be straight or by retaining a grip with one hand 
on the pommel, you can turn either to the left or the 
right, according to the hand on pommel. 

Next comes the vaults. In vaulting you must remem- 
ber always to jump from both feet from the center of 
the springboard. The best form in vaulting is gotten 
by keeping the arms as straight as possible; the body 
should be straight with toes pointing and together, the 



44 Spalding's athletic library. 

legs thrown high in the air. The different kinds of 
vaults which may be taken on either side are : The front 
vault; the face and front of the body are turned above 
the top of the horse, the landing is made facing the side. 
The flank or side vault ; the side of the body is above the 
horse, the landing is made between the pommels with the 
back toward the horse. The back vault ; the back of body 
is over the horse, the landing is the same as the side vault. 
The wolf vault; for the right side, the left leg passes 
through pommels, the right leg passes over the right 
pommel; as the right leg passes over the pommel, the 
right hand is taken away so that leg may pass ; the hold 
is kept by the left hand. Same for left side, except leg 
and hand used are the left instead of the right. 

Besides the vaults there are cuts, circles, dives, and 
inversions, which may be acquired by practice. 

Parallel Bars. — As on the horse, the most elementary 
are the rest positions. Jumps to straight arm position 
at sides or ends accompanied by lifting of arms and legs, 
etc. It is important that every gymnast know how to 
swing and vault well on the bars. For the swing, the 
hands grasp the bars directly opposite each other. You 
then jump to a straight-arm position. To start to swing, 
the heels are drawn back, the legs brought forward and 
upward with free movement from the hips. The head 
should be held up, trunk kept erect, legs straight, toes 
pointed and together. For the front vault, the front 
of body faces the bar; for the back vault, the back of the 
body is over the bar. 

On both the horse and the parallel bars are a multitude 



Spalding's athletic library. 45 

of cuts and circles combined with each other and with 
vaults. 

Flying Rings. — The proper way to swing on the rings 
is to have the rings at such a height so that the arms are 
straight and the feet touch the ground comfortably. Then 
step backward, grasping the rings, one in each hand, until 
the tips of the toes just touch the ground; run forward, 
swing the legs forward and upward from the hips. As 
the body swings backward, touch the floor with both feet 
as if stepping; do the same on the forward swing. The 
legs in swinging should be kept straight both forward 
and backward, toes together. Another popular exercise 
on the rings is the inversion, that is, hanging head down, 
feet in air, the body straight. 

There are many exercises on these three pieces of ap- 
paratus together with those on the other apparatus, for 
which there is not room in this book. 

Gymnastic Meet or Exhibition. 

An interesting event at many gymnasiums is a meet or 
exhibition — in case of school, college, or club, generally 
the results of the year's v/ork. If these events are com- 
petitive or non-competitive, it is, for the most part, the 
most carefully practised work by the most proficient girls. 

If these events are judged, the judges, as a rule, have a 
certain mark, such as 10, for each event. If the per- 
formance of the event is perfect, then the number won 
for that event is 10; if nearly perfect, then 9 is given, 
etc. The judges consider entrance; general appearance, 
such as neatness, regularity of order, etc.; manner of 



46 Spalding's athletic libraey. 

executing the exercise, such as form, position, memory, 
rhythm, etc.; the finish or exit. All of these factors are 
taken into account by the judges in scoring. 

Whether for individual or group prizes, it is advisable 
to have competent judges who have a decided system of 
marking. Usually there are three judges, each marking 
the score independently of the others. Comparisons are 
made at the end of each event. The scores of all judges 
for each performer are added together and divided by 
three (or as many times as there are judges) and the 
result is the score for the performer. 



Spalding's athletic libraky. 47 



Track Athletics 

Everybody knows that a certain amount of exercise is 
beneficial to all persons physically able to indulge. But 
there are still many protests against more active competi- 
tive exercise. In particular, track and field athletics for 
girls and women have been criticised. Of course, it is 
only reasonable to admit, that for a girl physically unfit, 
over-indulgence in track work is a mistake. But in these 
days when the majority of schools and colleges have 
competent teachers for their athletic work, and when 
the girls are allowed to participate in events only after a 
thorough medical examination, the danger from track 
work seems to be rapidly diminishing. 

Tennis, basket ball and battle ball were the first com- 
petitive sports to be widely participated in by the colleges. 
Miss Harriet Ballintine, Director of Physical Culture at 
Vassar College, thus tells of the beginning of track and 
field sports for women in her book, " The History of Physi- 
cal Training at Vassar College": ''Following basket and 
battle ball a demand was made for other our-of-door activi- 
ties. The students became interested in hurdling, running 
and jumping, etc. They organized an athletic association 
and in November, 1895, the first field day was held. 
This was the beginning of track and field sports for 
women. Before this time there was no record of girls 
taking part in such competitive events. In 1896 at 
the Harvard Summer School a course in athletic training 
was opened to women. This first class was composed 



48 Spalding's athletic library. 

principally of teachers from schools and colleges whose 
students had asked for instruction in athletics. After 
Vassar's first field day many schools and colleges became 
interested in such contests. Previous to 1896 a course 
in athletics had been offered to women at the Chautau- 
qua Summer School, but as there was no demand for it, 
the Harvard Summer School was, therefore, the first 
school to give systematic instruction to girls in track and 
field sports. This first class in athletics for women was 
in charge of Mr. James Lathrop, for many years athletic 
trainer at Harvard and instructor in the Theory and 
Practice of Athletics at the Summer School. He ordered 
for Miss Eva G. May, then an instructor in the gym- 
nasium at Vassar, the first pair of spiked running shoes 
ever made for a woman. The Vassar College Athletic 
Association provided these running shoes for every stu- 
dent who entered field day." 

One of the main difficulties in track work at the present 
time is that there is no set standard for coaches and 
participants to use. A very creditable attempt has been 
made by Dr. Harry E. Stewart, Physical Director of the 
New Haven Normal School of Gjnunastics, to collect the 
records made by girls and women. (See Spalding's Athletic 
Almanac, published annually.) However, it is not the ex- 
ceptional girl who is of the record-breaking ability that 
should be considered entirely. Track work should be 
first regarded from the point of view of exercise. The 
equipment for track work should be supervised carefully. 
The clothing worn should be the lightest and the least 
harmful to the limbs. Light shirt waist or middy blouse. 




■I l:illl|~ In uvcl 

llu" circle. The ,i;iii in (he itict 
the circle that slie niiiiht, nor 
shot "up" with her right. 



lie in >\\ui puttiug is to stay within 

does not get all of the ground in 

her left hand helping her get the 




The last relay ! The runner on the outside gives a slight advantage to 
hei- teammate. Perhaps it is enough to counteract the advantage 
.i^aiiied l),v tlie other team when they won the "pole." 




Over the bar in the high juini). In order to successfully complete In 
try this jumper will have to "scissors" her left foot over. 




SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 49 

bloomers, spiked or rubber-soled shoes should be adopted. 
The track itself should be level and smooth, the jumping 
pits soft so that there is no jar, and the throwing events 
should have plenty of room. 

Track. 
The track, if possible, should be a straight 100 yards. 
If the work is done inside it is necessary to work on the 
circular track or on the floor of the gymnasium. A cinder 
track is the most desirable if it can be procured. First the 
earth is dug up, then mixed with coarse ashes ; the earth 
and coarse ashes are then packed down; fine ashes are 
mixed on the top layer. The whole track is then wet 
thoroughly and rolled until level and smooth. The track 
is generally divided into lanes, three feet six inches in 
width, and is made wide enough to have four lanes. 

Distances. 
There are a variety of distances from 25 yards to the 
100 on the straight track, and the 220 and the 440 on the 
circular track. A few coaches still believe that the long 
sprints — 220 and 440 — are not injurious, while others 
contend that the half-mile is not so harmful. However, 
the 50, 75, and 100-yard dashes seem to be most common 
at different schools and colleges. According to the rec- 
ords collected by Mr. Stewart, 12 seconds is the best 
time for the 100-yard; 8 3/5 seconds for the 75-yard; 6 
seconds for the 50-yard. The other dashes noted by him 
are the 25-yard, 3 4/5 seconds; 30-yard, 4 3/5 seconds; 
40-yard, 5 1/5 seconds; 60-yard, 8 seconds; 80-yard, 
11 seconds. Also the 220-yard, 30 3/5 seconds, and 



50 Spalding's athletic libraey. 

440 yard, 1 minute and 16 seconds. There is also a short 
relay, 300 j^ards, four girls, each running 75 yards. This 
race is very popular at the colleges. 

Hurdles. 

As in the running races so in the hurdles there is 
a wide difference of opinion as to length and as to 
height of hurdles and number of hurdles. The 100-yard 
hurdle race seems very popular, 8 hurdles, varying from 
1}/^, 2 or 2)4, feet in height. There is also the 120-yard, 
10 hurdles, 14 inches high; 90-yard, 7 hurdles, IJ/^ and 
23^ feet in height; 80-yard, 6 hurdles, 2}/^ feet; 65-yard, 
6 hurdles, 2^^ feet; 60-yard, 4 hurdles, 2^ feet; 60-yard, 
3 hurdles, 2}^ feet; 50-yard, 4 hurdles, 2 feet; 40-yard, 
5 hurdles, 2 feet; 40-yard, 4 hurdles, 1}/^ feet. There 
is a great variety of choice. 

The hurdles should be arranged: First hurdle, 15 yards 
from start and each hurdle 10 yards apart, allowing 
15 yards between last hurdle and finish line. 

In a pamphlet reprinted from the American Physical 
Education Review, January, 1916, *'A Survey of Track 
Athletics for Women," Mr. Stewart has made the follow- 
ing selection in order to standardize track events. 

Junior Events: 50-yard dash 
75-yard dash 

60-yard, four 2-foot hurdles 
Standing broad jump 
Running broad jump 
Running hop, step and jump 
Base ball throw 
Basket ball throw 



Spalding's athletic libkart. 51 

Senior Events: 50-yard dash 
100-yard dash 

100-yard, eight 2J^-foot hurdles 
Standing broad jump 
Running broad jump 
Running high jump 
Running hop, step and jump 
8-pound shot-put 
Base ball throw 
Basket ball throw 

Mr. Stewart also says: "Only the exceptional girl 
should pole vault, run the 220-yard race, or put the 
12-pound shot. Hurl ball (Sargent), discus (free style), 
javelin throw, standing high jump, and many other events 
are good, but the above groups seem sufficient and best 
adapted to competitive work." 

Jumping. 

While all jumping may be done in one pit, where 
the space is available it is better to have one pit for 
the high jumps, one for the running broad, one for 
hop, step and jump, another for the pole vault. 

The pits should be soft. All pits are made the same 
way but differ in size. The earth should be dug up to 
a depth of at least a foot and a half. If ground is hard, 
pits should be deeper. This soft dug-up earth should be 
equally mixed with sand or sawdust or both. Pits should 
be kept well raked up and not allowed to become packed. 

For the high jump the pit should be wide, at least eight 
feet in width and six or seven feet long. For high jump- 



52 Spalding's athletic libraey. 

ing, two adjustable standards and a bamboo or thin cross- 
bar are required. These standards are placed six feet 
apart, directly opposite each other in a straight line. 
The standards are perforated by little round holes into 
which the pegs (not more than 3 inches long) are inserted 
to hold the cross-bar. There should be a runway or 
approach of at least twenty yards. There is no take-off. 

For the running broad jump there is a runway — cinder 
track, if possible — 20 to 30 yards in length, 3 feet in width. 
A take-off is sunk, marking division between runway and 
pit. This is a planed joist, 5 inches wide, sunk into ground 
so that top is on a level with runway, and painted white. 
The pit should be at least 25 feet long and about 6 feet 
wide. This may also be used for standing broad. The pit 
for the hop, step and jump is constructed in the same way. 

For the pole vault the uprights should be 10 feet apart, 

placed opposite each other. There is a runway — cinder 

track, if possible — about 20 or 25 yards long, 10 feet wide. 

Between the two uprights a plank 16 inches deep should be 

sunk, 2 inches of which should be above ground level. In 

front of plank, in center, a hole 5 or 6 inches deep should 

be dug. 

Putting the Shot. 

The contestant stands in a 7-foot circle and the put or 
throw must be made from within the circle. It is a 
foul for either foot to touch the ground outside until 
the shot has landed. A toe board raised 4 or 5 inches 
above the ground and sunk firmly into the earth should 
form about one-quarter of the circle. Spalding's official 
8 and 12-pound shots are used. 



Spalding's athletic library. '53 

Sprinting. 

From my own observation, I have seen few girls that 
really know how to run. One great trouble is that the 
instinct is to run as speedily as possible from the minute 
you get on the track. First of all you should learn to run 
well in good form. I shall try to give a few hints to 
the runner which may be helpful. 

Head. — The head should be up, the eyes looking straight 
ahead and firmly fixed on the finish line. 

Shoulders. — The shoulders should be kept straight up 
and back, not allowed to wiggle from side to side. 

Body. — The whole trunk from waistline up, however, 
should be bent slightly forward. 

Arms. — The arms should be held loosely in a bent 
position, the forearm at right angles with the upper arm. 
The movement of the arms should be controlled; they 
should be allowed to swing forward and backward 
in accordance with the motion of the rest of the body. 
Many runners do not control the swinging of the arms, 
letting them flap sideward, downward, thus wasting 
energy. Some runners use cork grips for the hands ; per- 
sonally, I prefer to run with my hands clenched into a fist. 

Legs. — Many runners make the mistake in thinking 
the longer your stride, the better your form and the 
faster you run. If you have a long stride it is often apt 
to be very helpful, but the runner should not try to take 
an abnormally long stride. By that I mean take only 
as long a stride as you can manage without strain, or 
without appearing to be running in leaps and bounds. 
Neither should the knees be dashed high in front. 



54 Spalding's athletic library. 

Feet. — A great deal in running depends upon the way 
the feet are placed. The toe of the foot should reach 
out for the ground; the toe should be pointed straight 
ahead and each foot should be put down on the ground 
directly in front of its former position. The runner 
should take care not to run heavily, and she should, 
whether in practice or competition, always stride well 
up on her toes. 

In running you should always think of yourself as 
a unit, running with the smoothest possible action. 
Some runners are not units, but arms, legs, body and 
knees, all wobbling in different ways, giving the general 
appearance of falling apart. Yet you must not go too 
far the other way, that is, don't run tensely. Be limber 
but not loose. Try to get all the spring and lightness 
possible. To do this get the balance over the feet; don't 
run with balance too far forward or too far back. 

The Start. — The crouch start is conceded to be the 
best. This should be practised until the runner learns to 
get away at the word "go," to get the proper push with 
the rear leg, and to rise to an upright position gradually. 
There are three counts for the crouching start: "Get 
ready.'^ The fingers are placed just behind starting line ; 
the arms should be carried straight down from the 
shoulders, thus making the hands shoulder width apart; 
the runners then kneel on one knee, either right or left, 
according to preference; the toe of the forward foot 
should be as close to starting line as is comfortable for 
runner; the knee of rear leg should be on a line with 
front leg, close up to it, with lower part of leg (that is, 



Spalding's athletic library. 55 

below the knee) reaching back as far as possible in a 
straight line from the knee. A hole should be dug for 
the toe of each foot. ^'Get set.'^ The rear knee is 
raised, the whole body tense ready for the spring; the 
weight is thrown over the front knee so that the toe of 
front foot feels the weight and can get a good push over; 
the head is up; the whole strength of the body seems 
concentrated in the muscles used in springing forward. 
"Go" (or the pistol shot). The sprinter springs forward 
with all the force possible from the front foot. But she 
should not assume an upright position at once, but 
gradually, after three or four strides have been taken. 
In other starts you stand upright with one leg back, other 
leg front. Front leg is slightly bent, weight of body is 
over front leg. 

Hurdling. 

In hurdhng, the crouching start is very important. 
All the form of sprinting should be considered and 
also there should be perfect form over the hurdles. 
A girl may be a fast runner, but if she cannot take the 
hurdles well and quickly she will be defeated by a 
slower girl who can. Many hurdlers twist toward the 
side, or, in landing, land too far to one side of hurdle. 
First the approach from the start to the first hurdle 
should be carefully measured by strides. The runner 
should always take just this number of strides. The 
strides between each hurdle should be counted also. 
Then a mark should be made in front of each hurdle, 
from which point the hurdler should always rise to the 
hurdles. The long low stride is the best over the hurdles. 



66 SPALDING^'S ATHLETIC LIBKARY. 

There are two forms of hurdling, that of the leg bent side- 
ways, usually recommended for girls, and the ^^straight- 
leg." For the first, the front leg — leg first over the hurdle 
in the stride — is bent across the other leg; the arms are 
stretched out toward the side; the rear leg is trailed over 
the hurdle; the front foot reaches the ground first, the 
hurdler landing squarely on the ball of the foot, the toe 
pointed straight ahead. Personally, I prefer the "straight- 
leg" hurdle to the "side-leg" style. In the latter the 
rise over the hurdle is greater, the upright position of the 
trunk meets more resistance from the air, the landing 
is made with more of a jar. In the "straight-leg" 
the stride over hurdle is long and as low as possible; 
the body is bent as far over the front leg as possible; 
the front leg shoots over the hurdle straight, for as 
great a distance as possible, the arm (on same side 
of body) is forward when leg is; the rear leg is trailed, 
extending slightly to the side from the thigh to the 
toe; the weight of body is as far forward as possible, 
thus enabling a longer stride; the front foot should 
land on ground, on the ball, toe pointed forward; the 
rear foot should be ready to shoot out for next stride. 
My advice is for hurdlers to practice until they are sure of 
themselves before running in a race. They must not hesi- 
tate before hurdles, thus forced to jump off both feet. The 
rise should be with the least possible effort; the landing 
should be light, the runner immediately resuming the 
stride. Never be afraid of a hurdle. Practice until you 
are perfect and sure of yourself, and sure of the hurdle. 
Confidence makes you successful. 



Spalding's athletic libraet. 57 

Running Broad Jump. 

There are two important parts to the running broad 
jump — the run and the jump. The run should not be 
so long as to tire the jumper. The first few strides are 
slow, then at a mark placed by the jumper the speed 
increases until the take-off is reached. The momentum 
gathered in this run aids in the jump greatly, thus it is 
important that a mark be made the proper number of 
strides away from the take-off. The foot which takes 
the jump from the take-off should always be the same 
one, therefore the strides before the take-off should be 
carefully observed. 

A spring is made when the foot lands on the take-off. 
It is a foul to step over the take-off. After the jumper 
has given the best leap possible from the ball of the foot 
on the take-off, she tries to augment this leap by drawing 
her legs up under her, throwing her arms up and forward. 
When nearing ground the feet should shoot forward, the 
whole body thrown so that the balance is forward. This 
insures a better landing. The jump should be high. Many 
coaches teach the girls to jump over a bar, thus forming 
a habit of getting height. It is always well to fix your eye 
on a point about four feet high and beyond the distance 
you can jump. Fix your eye on this at the beginning of 
the run and keep it there until a landing is made. 

Standing Broad Jump. 
The jumper stands with both feet on the take-off, toes 
overlapping the outer edge to get a grip. Many 
jumpers like to rock back and forth on the toes, knees 



58 Spalding's athletic libraey. 

slightly bent; the arms also are swung gently backward 
and forward. When the jumper is ready to spring, the 
arms should be held above the head and brought back 
with a snap as the spring is made, with the knees bent 
forward and all the strength concentrated for the jump. 
As in the running broad, the jump should be high, thus 
the eyes should be fixed on a spot high and beyond the 
distance you expect to jump. While in the air, shoot 
the arms, legs and body as far forward as possible in 
order to gain distance. 

Running Hop, Step and Jump. 
The run is the same as in the running broad jump, ex- 
cept at the end instead of jumping you first take a hop, 
immediately followed by a step and then a jump. The 
hop ends on the same foot which landed on the take-off; 
then the step, the opposite foot landing on the ground; 
then the jump is taken from the foot then on the ground. 
The greatest effort should be in the jump; the other two 
should not take such a lot of effort that the speed is 
slowed up. 

Running High Jump. 

As in the running broad jump, the girl should have 
a mark by which she can tell the point where her speed 
should be increased. The same foot should always be 
brought to the same position for jumping; thus, the 
number of strides should be carefully taken from the 
mark to the bar every time. Some jumpers approach 
from the left, some from the right. The spring is taken ' 
from the ball of the foot nearest to the bar at a dis- 



Spalding's athletic libkaey. 59 

tance determined by practice, usually three to four feet. 
The nearer leg is thrown over the bar. As the nearer leg is 
thrown high, the far leg with a strong push leaves the 
ground; thus, as the near leg is coming down the far leg 
is going up and over the bar. It is often advisable to 
throw the body away from the bar. 
It is bad form to touch or Imock the cross-bar. 

Standing High Jump. 
The form of the standing high is the same, except that 
the jumper stands about a foot away from the bar, side 
turned toward it. As in the broad jump, she may gather 
speed by swinging the arms and rocking on the toes until 
strength is summoned for the spring. The feet must not 
leave the ground until the spring is made. 

Pole Vault. 

As in the jumps, the pole vaulter must determine 
her run to the point where the foot makes the spring. 
She should run slowly until the point for the faster 
run is marked, then she should gather speed and come ^ 
to the spot from which spring is taken. The spring 
should always be taken from the same foot, and the 
run should always start with this foot. 

The pole should be grasped with both hands, the 
palm of the lower hand facing inward and the top hand 
outward. The vaulter should grasp the pole at the height 
of the cross-bar, which she measures on pole at each 
increase of heidit and at each trial. 



60 Spalding's athletic libeaey. 

During the run the pole is held across the body, with 
the hands gripping the pole at proper spot; then the pole 
is placed in the hole in front of cross-bar and a spring is 
taken from the foot; the arm underneath should be 
straight, the one above bent; as the pole swings to a 
vertical position the body swings up, and if the vaulter 
is strong enough in the arms she should slide the lower 
hand up to the top one; an extra push is given to pro- 
pel the body over the bar as the pole is released. While 
crossing the bar the body should be arched; in falhng, 
the face should be downward. The landing should be 
easy and light. 

Shot Put. 

The competitor must stay within the circle and must 
not step over the toe board. If the shot is held in 
the right hand, the left side of the body is turned in the 
direction shot is going; the weight is on the right 
foot, the left foot and left arm are raised to help the bal- 
ance of the body; the shot is carried in right hand, which 
is held up shghtly above the shoulder, elbow of right 
arm bent and well back, and held as close as possible 
to the ribs. A quick hop forward is taken, the same 
position is retained; then the body is turned, the 
weight transferred to the left leg, and as this is done 
the shot is thrust forward, with the weight and entire 
strength of body behind the throw; the right foot comes 
forward to preserve the balance; the toe should be against 
the springboard. 

It is important to learn the correct form in shot putting, 
thus it is advisable to practice with a light weight. 



spalding^s athletic library. 61 

Basket Ball Throw. 
This throw is similar to the shot put in form, the ball 
being held high over the body. It is a foul to step out- 
side the circle, 6 feet in diameter. The ball also may be 
thrown from the flexed wrist position, that is, the ball 
rests in palm of hand and on the bent wrist. In both 
the throws the ball is thrown after a spring on the right 
foot is taken. It is better to throw the ball high. 

^ Base Ball Throw. 

As in the basket ball throw, the base ball throw should 
have height. The throw must be an overhand throw 
and the competitor must not step out of the circle. The 
ball is grasped by some people by the first two fingers 
and the thumb, the other two fingers are bent into the 
palm. 

Hurl Ball Throw. 

The regulation hurl ball has a short strap on it. This 
strap is grasped in one hand; the side of body is turned 
in direction the ball is going; the ball is carried high 
overhead and then down, describing a circle; a hop for- 
wrard is taken, the ball released as it is starting up — this 
bhen insures height. 

Javelin Throw. 
The javelin is grasped by one hand or by both hands, 
rhe center of balance is found on the javehn; here it is 
gripped by the hand, the first and second fingers and 
humb holding it; the hand should be over the shoulder; 
% short run should be taken; then, with right foot back 



62 Spalding's athletic library. 

and all the weight on it, the javelin is carried back; 
then the arm, shoulder, and body come quickly for- 
ward, the hand releases the javelin and the weight is on 
the left (forward) foot. The competitor may not cross 
the board or the mark. 

Discus Throw. 
The discus is thrown in two ways: 

1. Free Style. — The discus is held in the palm of the 
right hand, the edge resting between the first and second 
joints of the fingers. The flight is guided by means of the 
index finger. The right hand is swung down and across 
the body; the right foot is at the rear of circle, the left a 
little forward; when the right hand has been swung back 
to the maximum reach of the arm, the thrower should 
pivot on the left heel, then she should crouch, straighten 
body and throw the discus, making a spring so that the 
feet are changed; thus, right foot is back, left forward. 

2. Greek Style. — This is generally from a block or ped- 
estal; the competitor, right leg forward, holds the discus 
in both hands overhead, then the discus is shifted to the \ 
right hand, which is brought down and back as far as , 
possible. The knees are bent. Now the knees are i 
straightened, a jump forward is taken and discus is i 
hurled in the air. i 



The main difficulty with track athletics is that they are 
overdone, that is, a girl does not consider her strength. 
In training a horse, the trainer does not urge it to tear 
over the course two or three times at full speed. This is 



Spalding's athletic libkaey. 



63 



just the way some girls think they are improving their 
running or jumping, getting to the top form sometimes 
two or three times a day. 

It is advisable to practice for form slowly at first, then 
increase your effort. In this way then your maximum 
effort can be made when you are perfect in form and 
condition; not too jaded by overwork to do your best 
or so used to hurried efforts that your form is neglected. 
One of the great troubles with girls in athletics is that 
they pitch in too strenuously, with too much enthusiasm. 
This exuberance should be carefully diverted into the 
proper channels by the coach. Confine yourself to a few 
events, all of which you can do well. It is a useless waste 
of energy to spend your strength in events for which you 
are too tired to perfect your form. Not only do you 
owe to your coach and your school or college the re- 
sponsibihty for your good health, but to yourself. There- 
fore never over-exert in track work. 

A coach plays a very great part in track athletics and 
should watch closely over the girls. If any of them seem 
tired or stale, let them rest for three or four days. Don t, 
in your desire and enthusiasm, forget that more harm may 
be done through overwork and too strict traimng than 
in more obvious ways. 



04 Spalding's athletic libraby. 



How to Conduct a Track Meet 

The Competitors. 
Every athlete should be entered in the meet a sufficient 
time before in order that the places, events and handi- 
caps may be arranged. Handicaps may be granted if a 
mediocre runner is running with one of stellar ability. 
Every athlete should have a number. 

The Officials. 

Referee. — The referee has entire charge of the meet 
and is responsible for the good conduct of the meet. 
All fouls are dealt with by her. She may disqualify 
offonder and give the runner fouled another trial, or 
allow a new race to be run. 

The Clerk of the Course. — This position deals mainly 
with the executive part of the meet. The clerk of the 
course sees that the events are run in order and on sched- 
uled time. She sees that the contestants are called on 
time for their events. She also assigns the contestants to 
their places — 1st, 2nd, 3rd lane, etc. — for the races. 

Starter. — Tiie starter gives the signal. As a rule, the 
pistol is the signal for the start. The starter should 
have a blank cartridge pistol, which she fires up into 
the air. The signals are : (1) ''On your mark!'' (2) ''Get 
set!" (3) "Pistol." The starter may penalize for a false 
start or for beating the pistol, that is, anticipating the 
pistol shot. She may disqualify if a runner deliberately 
sttirts ahead of the mark. 



Spalding's athletic library. 65 

Inspectors. — These officials watch for fouls in a race, 
such as, impeding a runner; coaching during the race; 
crossing into another lane; grasping tape in hands; 
knocking over a hurdle. 

Judges at Finish. — These judge the order of the run- 
ners at finish line — 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. 

Timekeeper. — The timekeeper must use a stopwatch 
and must stand at the finish line. As soon as a runner 
touches tape or crosses line the timekeeper stops her 
watch, which was started at pistol shot. There should 
be at least one timekeeper for each of the first three 
runners. 

Field Judges. — These judges have entire charge of 
field events. 

Scorer. — Scorer keeps the official places and times of 
the participants. 

Races. 

The Start. — First false start is penalized a yard; second, 
a yard more; third, disqualifies. Any fcul during race 
or start disquahfies A tape or strand of worsted is 
stretched (about four feet high) across the track; the 
winner must breast this tape, arms raised. Every other 
runner must cross the finish line. 

In a hurdle race the hurdles are placed 15 yards from 
start and 15 yards from finish Hne, allowing 10 yards 
in between each hurdle. The hurdler may knock down 
or over two hurdles and still win, but she is disqualified 
for the :'iird. No record stands if a hurdle has been 
knocked over. All other rules for racing hold. 

In the relay race the first girl to run starts at pistol; 



66 SPALDINO^S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

she or each succeeding runner must touch the hand of 
or hand the baton to the following runner. The last 
girl running must cross the finish line. No runner may 
run twice in a relay. All other rules for races are the 
same. 

Jumping. — Each competitor may have three trials, but 
she may take but one or two of those if she prefers. 

Running Broad Jump. — It is a foul to touch the ground 
with the foot on the farther side of the take-off. This 
counts as one trial. It is a foul to balk, that is, to run over 
the take-off without jumping. The longest jump is 
scored. The distance is measured by a field judge from 
the take-off to the nearest mark left by jumper. 

Standing Broad Jump. — It is a foul to take a prelimi- 
nary spring or jump or to touch the earth in front of take- 
off with the foot. Measurement same as running broad 
jump. 

Running Hop, Step, and Jump. — Fouls and measure- 
ments same as running broad. 

Running High Ju?np. — Each competitor has three trials 
for each height. Unless she clears the bar without knock- 
ing it off it is a failure. It is counted a trial if the runner 
balks and does not jump. It is counted a trial to grasp the 
cross-bai'. The bar is fixed at different heights ; it is also 
well to measure bar in middle to determine exact height. 

Standing High Jump. — No preliminary jump or spring 
may be made. Measurement is the same as in running 
high j ump. 

Pole Vault. — Each has three trials for each height. 
A vaulter is allowed to balk — that is, run without vault- 



Spalding's athletic library. 67 

ing — but two balks count as a try. If the cross-bar is 
knocked off it is a failure. 

Weight Throwing. — Each has three trials. The dis- 
tance is measured from the toe board to the nearest 
mark left by shot. It is a foul to touch with any part 
of person over the toe board or out of circle. It is a foul 
to throw the shot instead of putting it straight out from 
the shoulder. It counts as a try to drop the shot. 

Ba.se Ball Throw. — Same as shot put. 

Basket Ball Throw. — Same as shot put. 

Javelin Throw. — Same as shot put. 

Discus Throw, — Same as shot put. 

Score. — The score for first place is generally 5 points; 
second place, 3 points; third, 1 point. If there is a tie 
the competitors divide the points. If tied for first place, 
the sura of first and second points is divided; same for 
tie for second place. 



68 SMLDING^S ATHLETIC LtBRAEt. 



Field Day 

Field Day is essentially one on which field sports are 
participated in. It is usually held annually. By field 
sports are meant the throws, the weight and jumping 
events described in the chapter on Track Athletics. 
Field Day, however, has various interpretations; it may 
be for celebration, or for exhibitions, or for competition. 
As the title indicates, Field Day is an out-of-door 
function. 

If it is a gala day for celebration, there may be different 
kinds of dances — interpretative dances, aesthetic dances. 
May pole dancing, and folk dances; there may be drills 
of various kinds, such as are mentioned in the chapter on 
Gymnastics; there may be tournament meets or games. 

Field Day as an exhibition may consist of different 
dances, drills and sports, or games that have been prac- 
tised during the year and that are displayed now in order 
to show the results obtained. 

The Field Day in which dancing and drills play an 
important part is often enlivened by the use of colors. 
Scarfs, streamers or bands of striking colors lend an 
effective note to a dance. For the didlls a uniform cos- 
tume with a distinguishing streak of color is the most 
suitable. As modern people like to be entertained, mock 
games, "stunts," and such races as three-legged, sack, and 
potato, may be used. The object of the ''mock games" 
and ''stunts" is to amuse as much as possible. There is 
very Uttle element of sport that enters in. In the games, 



Spalding's athletic library. 69 

players used to certain positions may play entirely dif- 
ferent ones; or they may be dressed up in popular '^take- 
offs'' (imitations). 

The third interpretation of Field Day is one for the 
purpose of holding competitive sports or games. In 
fact, Field Day is often held annually to decide the win- 
ners or the champions in the sports indulged in during 
the year; or Field Day is the day of the annual track and 
'field meet. A method for competition in each sport is 
suggested at the end of each respective chapter. 



70 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAEY. 



Walking 

There is a vast amount of difference between a real 
walk and a so-called walk. A saunter along the city 
streets in high-heeled pumps and clothing too restricted 
to allow a free stride and room, for deep breathing is 
not a real walk, especially as it usually consists of stops, 
such as gazing at shop windows or sampling the confec-^ 
tions of the various stores. A real walk is entirely dif- 
ferent, with the w^alker reaping all the benefits derivable 
from fresh air and muscular activity. There are two 
kinds of real walking — non-competitive and competitive. 

To deal first with non-competitive walking, which is 
for the sheer joy of exercise and fresh air, there are three 
maxims to be remembered by the walker, namely, dis- 
tance, form and clothing. 

Distance. — The walker should have an objective point, 
but the distance should never be longer than can be 
accomplished without extreme effort. It never pays to 
over-exert. When tired, the walker should rest or stop, 
but never give up when the tired feeling is merely im- 
aginary. Cover up well when resting or upon stopping. 
The main trouble often is that an unaccustomed walker 
will try to keep pace with a walker of long experience. 
The unaccustomed walker is then apt to walk too fast, 
too far or too long. Be conservative in the distance at 
first, then increase it as your experience increases. 

Form. — Many walkers fail to derive entire benefit from 
their exercise because they walk badly. The head should 



SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBEAEY. 71 

be up, shoulders erect, chest forward, so that there is plenty 
of room for deep breathing. How many walkers fail to 
breathe deeply and gloriously! How many walkers gasp 
for breath and puff and plod along the way! Then the 
arms often are allowed to swing too violently, thus wast- 
ing a lot of energy. Watch your arms; don't let them 
imitate pump handles. Let them move freely but gently. 
The legs, of course, are kept straight; the foot should be 
put down so that the toe and ball of foot are on the 
ground a fraction of a second before the heel. Be careful 
that you don't come thundering down on your heels or 
come down with the whole foot flat. 

Clothing. — The importance of clothing is often disre- 
garded, for the most part through thoughtlessness. The 
shoes worn should be comfortable— low-heeled, broad toes, 
a medium rubber or leather sole. The skirt should be 
short enough and wide enough to allow perfect freedom 
of stride. The clothing around the body should be loose 
enough to allow free play of the muscles and ample chest 
expansion. Dress warmly, but do not start with so much 
clothing that you will soon become overheated. 

Tramps or Hikes. 
One of the most enjoyable forms of walking is a 
weekly series of tramps or hikes. This is an extremely 
beneficial form of outdoor exercise for a school or a 
club to indulge in. Everybody can join in. A leader 
should be appointed or elected and a committee chosen 
to arrange a schedule of tramps. Start out with an 
objective point of local or historical interest that will 



/ 2 SrALDIN"G S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

make a walk of not more than four or five miles for the 
first attempt. The distance can be gradually increased 
as the walkers become accustomed until finally the}' can 
take all daj'- trips. Such a day spent by a jolly group of 
girls gives not only valuable physical development but 
also combines exercise with social enjoyment. 

Good advice to the walker is: Breathe deeply; walk 
briskly; take a walk as often and as regularly as possible 
although it may be but a short one. 

Competitive Walking. 

Competitive walking may be for distance — ^greatest 
distance in a set time; or for time — fastest time for a set 
distance. As in all competitive sports, competitive walk- 
ing should be watched for over-exertion, nerve strain and 
exhaustion. In the walk the arms are bent; one foot 
must be on the ground when other is off or the official 
will call a foul for running. The form is called the 
''heel and toe" walk, the heel of one foot leaving the 
ground as the toe of other foot comes down. 

The rules for walking are very similar to those of 
running or sprinting. The competitor must start from 
behind a starting line, at a given signal, usually a gun. 
The distance of the race is measured and there is either 
a tape to be breasted or a finish line on the track to be 
crossed. False starts are penalized as in track (Page 65). 
Two fouls making the offender liable to disqualification 
are: rumiing, i. e., having both feet off the ground at 
the same time; interfering with or impeding another 
competitor. 



Spalding's athletic library. 73 



Golf 

Golf, like tennis, is a favorite outdoor game. It is 
essentially an open weather game, but it may be played 
all the year around. It is deservedly popular because it 
combines cross-country walking, with all of its many 
benefits, and a peculiar skill with a variety of implements 
or clubs. 

Anybody — woman, girl or child in her teens — who has 
perseverance can make a golfer. No great strength is 
necessary. The only requisites are a good eye, persist- 
ence, a good teacher and the facilities of a course. 
Fortunate is the person who at an early age learned his 
or her golf from a competent instructor, and fortunate 
is the person who has the facihties of a golf course either 
public or private. 

The standard golf course is of eighteen holes. The 
average hole is 300 yards or more, although the distances 
usually vary from 125 yards to 600 yards and of a total 
length of upward of 6,000 yards. Should a player play 
straight over the course it will be seen that a single round 
would usually require a walk of four miles. Play is started 
from a driving green — a leveled mound of earth. The ball 
is teed-up on the driving green by placing a pinch of 
fine sand on the green and the ball upon it so that it is a 
half inch or more above the surface. The driver, a 
wooden club with a heavy head or sole, is used and the 
ball sent with a full stroke as far on its way to the hole 
as possible. Usually the space immediately in front of 



74 Spalding's athletic library. 

the tee for 50 or 75 yards is rough ground, terminating 
with a bunker and sand pit or some other form of hazard 
such as a brook, etc. Then comes the fair green, a more or 
less level grassy stretch extending to within a few yards 
of the putting green, which contains the hole or cup. 
On either side of the fair green is the rough, w^hich is 
long grass, sand, water and other hazards. Usually the 
putting green is surrounded by traps such as sand pits, 
bunkers or mounds of earth and w^ater hazards, while 
often a brook trickles through the fair green. The 
object of the game is to negotiate the course in the 
fewest number of strokes. 

The drive from the tee should carry one over the first 
rough and over the first bunker or trap and well on to 
the fair green. On the fair green, if the hole is a long 
one and the lie of the ball favorable, the club used to send 
the ball again on its way is the brassie, which is a wooden 
club quite similar to the driver. It has a wooden head or 
sole, but the bottom of the head is plaited with a strip 
of brass to protect the wood, as the ball must be picked 
up off the ground without the aid of teeing. The drive 
for a girl should net a hundred yards, more or less, and the 
brassie stroke about the same. Often the lie of the ball 
on the fair green is not favorable to a brassie stroke, in 
which case an iron club with a pitch to the head of the 
club with which to loft the ball is used. This may be 
the mid-iron, the cleek, the mashie-niblic, or the mashie. 
The last named club is sometimes called the lofter and is 
used mainly for approaching the hole from off the green 
from distances of a hundred yards or less. The putting 



Spalding's athletic libkary. 75 

green is a very well levelled surface of extremely fine 
grass in which the cap is sunk. Putting greens vary from 
very fine levels likened to billiard tables to undulating 
slopes. The club to use on this green is the putter. 

When a player is unfortunate enough to send the ball 
into the rough or long grass, a heavy iron club such as 
the mashie-niblic or mid-iron is used. And when the ball 
is sent into the sand or in a bunker the niblic is played. 
This club has a very heavy sole with a decided pitch for 
lofting and sends the ball high into the air out of trouble 
and on to the fair green when the stroke is played properly. 

In learning to putt, the game of Clock Golf, found on 
most good courses, is a great help for it means that a girl 
may get diversion while grasping the fundamentals. The 
first question in putting, as with every club, is to establish 
the most efficient grip. There are two classes of grips — 
the overlapping grip and the regular or two-handed grip. 
The former is the more modern grip and is, I believe, the 
more efficient. The left hand is placed nearly at the end 
of the club. The right hand is so placed that the little 
finger of the right overlaps the first finger of the left, 
and the left thumb is almost entirely covered by the right 
hand. This grip brings the wrists closer together than 
the two-handed method and so produces greater harmony 
of action in the swing. 

With the grip established, the next fundamental is the 
stance and address. Draw an imaginary line from the 
ball to the hole; stand behind the line with heels to- 
gether — feet at right angles to each other, the left foot 
pointing toward the hole; the player stands bending 



76 SPALDINC/S ATHLETIC LIBEAEY. 

slightly from the hips with arms stretched down full 
length; the right elbow points to the right thigh; the 
left points toward the hole; the club swings as a pendu- 
lum; the sole of the club addresses the ball at right angles 
to the imaginary line. The player's eye should be right 
above the ball. The secret of the putt is two-fold — the 
swing, which should be in direct proportion to the dis- 
tance (and state of the green) from the hole, and the im- 
pact of club and ball at a perfect right angle. The follow 
through should be along the imaginary line still preserv- 
ing the right angle. With the fundamentals established, 
practice will develop astonishingly accurate putting. 

When the beginner has become adept at putting, the 
next step is to place the ball back on to the fairway 
twenty yards or so and take up the mashie. Here again 
the fundamentals are important. The grip is already 
mastered. The stance however differs in that the heels 
are not together — the feet being farther apart, the right 
foot farther behind the ball. The stance and address 
are important and the player should obtain the advice of 
a professional or seasoned player. The best advice the 
TvTiter can give is to study the club and let it do its work. 
The mashie can be used for a chip stroke for short distance 
and for a full stroke when the ball lies farther from the 
hole. It is an extremely important club and when mas- 
tered can save the player many strokes. 

The next club to study is the brassie. The stroke with 
the brassie is the same as vrith the driver on the tee. The 
stance and address for the drive and the brassie shot 
finds the player with feet well apart, the right foot well 



Spalding's athletic library. 77 

behind the ball, the arms extended, the body upright 
£ind flexible, the weight evenly on both feet and the head 
down with the eye somewhat behind the ball. The club 
addresses the ball at right angles. In the upward swing 
of the club the forearms are turned and the left knee 
shifts so as to bring the weight on to the right foot; the 
club descends down through the arc it has described; 
the right foot pivots, the forearms turn, the weight comes 
almost wholly on the left foot and the club returns to 
the ball exactly at right angles. The club head is ahead 
of the hands and the ball is hit cleanly, the power coming 
from the right arm. The follow through finds the weight 
on the left foot, the right having only enough to preserve 
the player's balance. 

It is on the drive and brassie stroke that ''pressing" is 
a severe fault. It is more important to hit true and to 
preserve the right angle by following through than to 
hit hard. Most girls do not hit a long ball. A far surer 
game is the short game. Accurate strokes down the 
middle of the fair green is sounder golf, so do not ''press" 
and do not try to kill the ball. 

After the brassie and driver are mastered, one can 
take up the mid-iron, cleek, niblic, spoon, and jigger 
in the order named. These clubs are for special service, 
and cannot be described in detail here. 

An excellent practice to follow when taking up the 
game for the first time is to devote a day or even a week to 
each club, although it takes will-power to resist playing 
with the whole set instead of one club. As you master a 
club practice with it continuously. You will find such 



78 SrAt.UlNG's ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

practice invaluable. Do not take up j^our second club 
until you have thoroughly mastered the first. And as I 
have said before, I would recommend that the game be 
leai'ned backwai'd— so to speak— with putter first, then with 
ma^hie, brassie, driver and down through the other clubs. 
An adjacent golf course is a welcome requisite to a 
girls' school or club. It is desirable for athletic associa- 
tions or faculties to organize tournaments, as competition 
usually heightens interest. "Wliere skill is unequal handi- 
caps may bo arranged by averaging a pla3'er's scores and 
allowing the differences between the average score and 
par aj^ a handicap. In this way evenness in competition 
is aissured. Usually matches are decided by the win- 
ning of holes, although many competitions are decided 
on mediil score or the total strokes for IS holes. There 
ai'e several kinds of tournaments possible in golf — two- 
ball or four-ball matches, or best ball matches. The 
la^t is where four players go ai'ound the course, two 
playing against the other two and counting only the best 
ball on each hole. Possibly the most satisfactory form 
for a tournament to take is the round robin tournament, 
where the number of entries is not too great, a^ each 
player meets e\'eryone entered. Where the entry list is 
big the elimination tournament is most ethcacious, and 
when tlioro is still a larger entry list it is well to divide 
the players into first and second flights by first playing 
a qualifying round, counting medal scores, the lowest 
scores being grouped together in the first fiight. A 
match may be made even by handicaps wlion players 
of varying skill are entered. 



Spalding's athletic library. 79 



Skating 

There are few forms of exercise that are more exhila- 
rating than skating. There seems to be a pccuUar fas- 
cination that holds you. There is a pleasing restfulness 
and a soothing feeling while you are gliding over the 
smooth ice. Surely there is nothing so interesting to 
watch as good skating. An intangible quality seems to 
draw you to it, to make you want to put on a pair of 
skates and try it yourself. Out-of-doors skating is, of 
course, preferable to rink skating, but the latter is a very 
acceptable substitute. 

''I have weak ankles. I can't skate." How many 
times have girls offered this trite excuse! If anyone 
really wants to learn to skate, with a little patience and 
perseverance it can soon be accomplished. 

The skates should be the right size for the shoe in order 
to avoid any accident. The shoe should be high, and not 
too stiff at the ankles. It is advisable to have the 
shoe and skate fastened together. The skates should be 
always well wiped, sharp and in good condition. 

The skater must learn straight skating, that is, 
moving forward by long slides on each foot alternately 
while the foot not on the ice is held up backward and 
outward from the ice, before attempting intricacies. 

To learn the elementals of straight skating, start with 
the left foot. This foot slides forward on the flat of the 
skate, the toe turned out; the left knee is bent, the weight 
of the body is forward, thus giving momentum to the 



80 SPALDIXC/S ATHLETIC LIBEARY. 

slide. The right foot is back, raised a few inches. When 
the momentum is almost gone, then gripping the ice with 
the toe of the left foot, the right foot starts its slide. 
As the right starts, the left foot is lifted ready for the 
glide, and so on, skating straight ahead. 

Skating backward is learned in the same manner, ex- 
cept that the back of the foot is turned out instead of the 
toe. 

It requires practice in order to perfect these two forms 
of straight skating. They should be acquired and thor- 
oughly mastered, so that the skater glides over the ice 
with ease and skill before any dancing or continental 
skating is attempted. 

There are several points of form that should be brought 
to mind. The slides or strokes should always be of equal 
length and as long as possible. If one foot is stronger 
than the other, then particular attention should be paid 
to the weaker foot. The skating knee is always bent. 
The foot not in use is stretched outward and downward, 
toe pointed downward. The body is carried well forward, 
head erect; the arms move rhj-thmically, but not in an 
exaggerated position. The body must not be stiff. There 
should be no rigid muscles at all. 

It is not the hurried, quick strides with a body bent 
over in a grotesque fashion that constitutes good skat- 
ing, but the long, even ghdes, with the body poised 
naturally and responding to the rhythm of the motion. 

Continental skating has in the last few years proved 
to be very popular. It is impossible to give a detailed 
account of all the intricate figures in a comparatively 



81 

limited space. The more elementary school figures, how- 
ever, can easily be explained. The skate has an inside 
and an outside edge, and progress may be made either 
forward or backward on either edge. Thus, there are four 
edges: forward outside edge, backward outside edge, for- 
ward inside edge, backward inside edge. 

For the forward outside edge a circle is described on 

the outer edge of the skate. The first stroke is on the right 

'foot. The start is obtained by a push from inside edge 

of the skate of the left foot. The body leans toward 

the circle. 

For the backward outside edge, the circle is described 
on the outer edge of the skate. This is like the forward 
outside edge, only much more difficult; the body leans 
in toward the circle and backward. 

The forward inside edge is a circle described on the 
inside edge of the skate; the outer shoulder is turned 
as far out and forward, the inner shoulder is turned back, 
the body leans toward the middle of the circle. When 
the circle is almost complete, the free foot is brought 
forward, the shoulders straightened. 

The backward inside edge is more difficult, but the the- 
ory is the same as the forward inside edge. The foot at 
completion is carried back, not forward, however. 

These are fundamentals for figure skating and should 
be practised carefully. After the edges, the five threes, 
the loops, the brackets, the four rockers, and the four 
counters are learned. These are easily learned if the 
four edges have been perfected. 



82 Spalding's athletic library. 

Ice Hockey 

One of the most enjoyable and thrilling of the skating 
pastimes is ice hockey. For this a special hockey skate 
is made. 

How THE Game is Played. 

The game is played by two teams with six or seven 
players. The players hit a small piece of rubber, called 
the puck, with sticks especially made. These sticks are 
long and slender, flat at the blade, which is at an angle 
from the handle. The ball is advanced up and do^Ti 
the rink or playing ai-ea. A point is scored when one 
team shoots the puck through the opponents' goal. The 
team wins which has the highest number of points at the 
end of the game, which is divided into two halves of 
twenty minutes each with a ten-minute intermission be- 
tween the halves. 

The plaj'ing area is usually 112 feet long by 58 feet 
vdde. There ai'e two goal posts at each end of the play- 
ing area, 10 feet from the edge of the ice; the posts are 
4 feet high and are 6 feet apart. A sloping net should 
be placed in back to catch the balls. 

The game is started with the puck in the middle of the 
ice, i. e., the referee places the puck between the sticks 
of two opposing players, each of whom tries to get 
possession of the ball or pass it to one of her team- 
mates. The game is a very fast one. The four forward 
players, the rover (right center) and the left center, and 
the right and left wings, iire essentially attackers, although 



Spalding's athletic library. 83 

the rover may be called upon to defend. Cover point, 
point, and goal keeper are the defense players. The goal 
keeper should stick close to her goal; the point plays in 
front of the goal, some distance from her; the cover 
point plays some distance in front of the point and can 
often aid the forwards by feeding them and assuming an 
aggressive play. 

If the puck goes out of bounds over the end lines it is 
faced, by the referee, five yards within the goal line and 
at right angles to it. If it goes over the side lines it is 
faced five yards within the line and at right angles to it. 

The puck is played by means of the stick. It is not 
permissible to touch it with any part of the body, except 
to stop it dead or block it. The puck may be pushed, 
shoved, or lifted, i. e., by inserting the blade of the stick 
under the puck. You may hit your opponent's stick. 

You may body check, that is, shove from the side or 
front with the shoulder or hip. 

You may block an opponent or you may block the 
puck with the skates, stick, or body. 

An important rule is that of off-side. No player, if she 
is between the puck and her opponent's goal, may receive 
a pass from one of her team unless it is touched by an 
opponent, or unless one of own team with the puck is 
between her and the opponents' goal. The penalty for 
off-side play is facing the ball where the foul occurred. 
This rule does not hold in defense directly in front of the 
goal. One point is scored when the puck passes between 
the goal posts lower than their highest point. 

The teams change goals to begin the second half. 



84 Spalding's athletic libkary. 

The fouls are: 

To lift the stick above the shoulder except when lifting 
the puck. 

To throw a stick. 

To hit, trip, or block a pla3'-er by holding the stick in 
a horizontal position. 

To body check or charge from behind, to trip, kick, 
push, hold with hand or stick. 

For the goal keeper to sit, kneel, or lie. 

To grasp, carry, or push the puck with any part of 
the body. 

To interfere with a player not in possession of the puck. 

The penalty for a foul is: The offender may be ruled 
off the ice for a certain time. 

Officials. 

There is a referee who controls the game and inflicts 
the penalties. 

There are two umpires, one at each end, to decide 
whether a goal has been made. There are two time- 
keepers to keep the time of the game and a penalty time- 
keeper who keeps the time of players ruled out and noti- 
fies the player when she may return to the game. 

There is for each team a captain, who makes the deci- 
sions for her team, and she is responsible for the good 
sportsmanship of her team. 

There ai-e many little tricks in ice hockey that may 
be acquired with practice, but the object of the game 
should be to have as clean and fast a game as possible, 
where skillful plaj'ing holds greater sway than roughness. 



Spalding's athletic libraky. 85 



Rowing 

Very lucky is the school or college that has the neces- 
sary facilities for rowing. Wherever this form of sport 
is indulged in, it is generally popular. It deserves its 
popularity, for not only is it one of the most pleasant 
outdoor recreations but it is also very beneficial, since 
it brings into play practically all the muscles in the body. 

In rowing, as in other sports, there is a great difference 
between competitive and non-competitive work. Whether 
racing or merely taking a pleasure row, the stroke is, 
however, fundamentally the same. 

First, the position in the boat is to be considered. 
The oarsman sits in the center of the boat with her back 
toward the bow, facing the stern, with her feet planted 
firmly on the bottom of the boat, knees bent, slightly 
apart. An oar is grasped firmly in each hand, the oars 
having previously been adjusted in the oar-locks. There 
is a difference in the racing stroke, as shown under 

Racing. 

Position of the Hands on the Oar.— Next to be con- 
sidered is the stroke itself. The blade of the oar is just 
above the water and perpendicular to it. The arms and 
hands are straight, so that the hands holding the oars 
are just above the toes. 

Catch.— Then the blades enter the water, turned for- 
ward so that they are held in the water vertically. The 
body is then swung backward from the hips; all the 
strength and weight of the body are put to the oars. 



86' Spalding's athletic libraet. 

PuU. — As the body is swinging backward, the arms are 
bent into the chest. The bhide of the oar is kept under 
water during the entire length of the pull. 

Recorcnj. — As the hands touch the chest, the forearm is 
dropped quickl}^, thus causing the blade to leave the water. 

Feaihcnug. — The blade is cai'ried a few inches above 
and horizontal to the water. It is gradually turned, as 
the catch is reached, to a perpendicular position, readj^ 
to enter the water as the arms ai-e straightened ready 
for the catch. 

Legs. — Where a sliding seat is used the object is to 
combine the use of the ai*ms and legs in making the sweep 
of the oar longer, at full reach the body being doubled 
up with the knees under the chin, the stroke consisting 
of catching the water with the back and forcing it 
through to the finish by combined action of back and 
legs. When the finish is reached the leg's ai-e straight, 
the hands and oar are against the chest, and the body 
slightly back of the perpendicular. 

Racing 

The racing stroke is the same, except that for the four 
and eight-oared crews each oarsman pulls one oar, knowii 
tis a **sweep/' holding it in both hands — the inside hand 
at the end of the oar, the outside hand a hand's breadth 
away. The boats used for racing are kno^^^l as * •shells,'' 
especially made for the purpose. These have sHding seat-s 
and are equipped with either oar-locks or thole pins 
(aecordmg to the belief of the coach) and stretchers, or 
boai-ds against which the feet rest. When the body is 



SPALDINC/S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 87 

forward, the sliding seat is forward toward the bow; as 
the pull is starting, the seat comes back until the body 
is back, then it moves forward as body swings forward. 

In racing, the shell is steered by a coxswain, who sits 
in the stern facing the oarsmen and holds the lines which 
guide the rudder. This is very important, since she tries 
to choose the best and most favorable course. She must 
observe all conditions closely. She alters the course as 
little as possible, taking care not to jerk or in any way 
interfere with running of the boat. She also judges the 
stroke, that is, when the stroke should be faster or 
slower. 

The stroke oar is the most important position in the 
boat, since all the others time their strokes according to 
hers, either faster or slower, according to the necessity. 

Above everything necessary in racing is a good coach, 
who watches carefully for any signs of fatigue or over- 
exertion. It never pays in the long run to overdo. 
The crew should work smoothly, harmoniously and 
with perfect mastery of the stroke. This can be obtained 
through the supervision of the coach, who criticises the 
individual and the whole. In arranging a crew the 
heavier girls are in the center, the lighter at either end; 
the coxswain should be as small and light as possible, 
thus not adding much unused weight. 

In the single and double sculls — that is, boats rowed by 
one or two oarsmen — an oar is grasped in each hand. 
The sculler steers by pulling evenly on both oars for a 
straight course, or more strongly on one or the other 
oar for a variation of the course. 



88 Spalding's athletic library. 

Rules for Racing. 

Boat races, or regattas, are held on fixed courses for 
measured distances. In choosing a course, the natural and 
local conditions have to be considered. The most desir- 
able are straightawaj^ over inland waters with no, or little, 
current. If the coui'se is in tidal water, the race should 
be so timed that it is not necessary for the crew to row 
against the tide. 

The start and the finish are marked by flags. The 
stern must be on a line with the start. The bow first 
crossing the finish line wins. A tie is usualy rowed over 
again. 

The start is generally made at the pistol shot, fired by 
the official starter. Each boat has been assigned to a 
course, decided b}^ lot. The wimier has first choice and 
should make the most of the opportunity, considering 
position, tide, wind and other local conditions. No crew 
may go into another's coiu-se. 

If the course is not straightaway, each boat must turn 
around the turning stake in its own course. 

Besides an official starter, there is an umpire who 
judges the races; a judge or judges of the finish. 

The different kinds of crews are: Single — one oars- 
man; doubles — two oarsmen, each pulling two oars; 
pairs — two oarsmen each pulling one oar; fours — four 
oarsmen each with one oar; eights — each with one oar. 

Paddling 

Closely allied to rowing is paddling. This is done in a 
canoe by one, two, or more people. If by one, she seats 



SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 89 

herself in the stern, facing the bow; if two, one is in the 
stern and one is in the bow, back toward the stern. There 
are rarely more than three or four in a canoe, the average 
being two people to a canoe. 

The Indians of the Canadian backwoods usually dele- 
gate the responsibility of steering to the bow man be- 
cause of rough water or the danger from submerged 
rocks in swift running streams. Usually, in more civilized 
waters, the steering is done by the paddler in the stern, 
who, by a twist of the wrists, turns the blade of^ the 
paddle toward the canoe or away, according to the direc- 
tion desired. The paddle is held in both hands; the 
near hand is held pretty far down the blade, more than 
shoulder's width from far hand, which is held over the 
top of the paddle. There are many forms of paddling; 
some prefer straight, others bent arms. The reach with 
the paddle should not be so far ahead of the paddler that 
she is forced to lean forward. The paddle is brought out 
of the water when both arms are straight back, body in 
a normal position. It is carried forward but a few inches 
above the water with blade flat. 

An Indian custom that has come down to us is the 
double paddle. The paddle is fashioned with a handle 
in the middle and paddles at either end. The paddler 
sits in the center of the canoe. First the paddle is dipped 
in the water at the left and then to the right. Steering 
is done by turning the paddle, in or out, as you would 
go, left or right. The double paddle is fascinating, but 
hardly so safe for the novice as the single. 

Practice and experience are the two best teachers. 



90 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Tennis 

Tennis scarcely needs an introduction. It is one of 
the finest games — for girls or men — we have, and it has 
proved its worth through years and years of play. 

Tennis is played on a rectangular court, either of turf, 
clay or cement, provided that it is level. The dimensions 
of the court for doubles are 36 by 78 feet. The 78-foot lines 
are known as the side lines; the others as the end or base 
Hnes. Parallel to each base line and 18 feet distant from 
are two service lines, drawn from side service line to side 
service line. Parallel to each side line and 43^ feet dis- 
tant from them is a side service line, drawn from end line 
to end line. A line exactly in center joins the two service 
lines, thus making four service courts. The net is 
stretched exactly across the center of the court, and 
should be 3 feet high in the middle. It is desirable that 
there be no obstructions within 3 feet of the court on 
the side and 12 feet at ends, and that there should be 
backstops of considerable height. The posts to which 
net is attached should be 3 feet away from the court. 

The game may be played by two, three or four players, 
who bat a ball across the net with a racket until one or 
the other fails to return the ball. If only two play (or, as it 
is termed, ' 'singles"), the side lines are dispensed with and 
the side service lines are the boundary lines (27 x 78 feet) . 

The ball is put in play by the server. The courts and 
service are determined by a toss; the winner may choose 
either the end of court or the serve, but not both. The 



Spalding's athletic library. 91 

server, standing on the right-hand side of her base line, 
with feet behind the line, sends the ball into her oppo- 
nent's right-hand court. The player receiving ball after 
it has bounced must return it over the net so that it 
touches inside the court; then the server returns, etc., 
until there is a failure to return the ball. This counts 
a point for opposing player of the one who makes the 
fault. Then the ball is again served, this time from the 
left-hand side, next from the right, continuing to alternate 
until the game is finished. A game is always begun by 
serving from the right-hand court. 

The game is won when a player has scored four points, 
except in the case of deuce, when more are necessary. 
The first point is '15;" the second, ^'30;'* the third, ''40;" 
the fourth, ''game." If both players have "15," it is 
"15-all;" if one, "15-love (or naught)." The server's 
score is always called first. If both have 30, 30-all; if 
one has 30, the other none or 15, it is 30-love, or 30-15. 
If both have 40, it is "deuce." In deuce it is necessary 
to play extra points. The first point won is "advantage 
in" (server) or "out" (striker), as may be the case; the 
next point if won by the same player is game, but if won 
by the other player it is deuce again, and so on until one 
player wins two points in succession. 

The server, after the first game, becomes the receiver, 
and the serve is alternated with each game until the end 
of the set. A set consists of six games won by one player, 
unless the opposing player is less than two games behind, 
that is, a set cannot end at 6/5, but must be played until 
one or the other obtains a two-game lead. Ends of the 



92 Spalding's athletic library. 

court are exchanged after each set. The server should 
always keep the score. 

It is the aim of the players to return as many good 
balls as possible. A ball is ''good'' when it is sent within 
the court. It is a ''fault" when it hits outside the boun- 
dary lines, or does not clear the net — a ball, however, 
which touches net but still falls on the right side (a "let 
ball") is "good." Faults count one point for oppo- 
nent or opponents. Other faults that count for oppo- 
nent are: Server serves two faults in succession; vol- 
leying the ball before it has touched the net; volleying a 
served ball before it bounds (any other ball may be 
volleyed) ; failure to return a ball. It is a fault to touch 
net while ball is in play, or to touch the ball with any 
part of person except the racket, or to touch ball with 
racket twice. 

The receiver may hit the ball in the air (except serve) 
or after the first bounce, but may never hit after the 
second bounce. 

A player in tennis must never be caught napping. 
Tennis calls for wide awake, quick playing. It is best 
to stand either near the net or back farther toward the 
service line. For most girls I would recommend the base 
line game. Never stand where your opponent can drop 
a ball directly at your feet; always be ready for her. 
You must alwaj^s watch where she is and try to place 
the ball in the spot most difficult for her to reach. 

In order to be ready the racket should be held firmly 
and easily so that it may be prepared for any stroke. 
Above all, keep your eye on the ball; if you look at the 



Spalding's athletic library. 93 

place you want to hit the ball and not at the ball, you 
do not hit it squarely and you give your play away. 
When you receive, do not stand too far away or too near. 
If you are too far away, you are apt to tip it; if too near, 
you bend your arm and do not get a good stroke. 

The game of tennis is divided into two main divisions, 
serving and receiving. First, let us take up serving. 
This is the method of putting the ball in play. The server 
must stand behind the base line of the court. She must 
serve her ball into the diagonally opposite service court. 
She is allowed two balls; if the first is a fault she is allowed 
to serve the second. To be a good ball it must touch 
the ground in the service court, fairly clearing the net. 
A double fault on the part of the server counts a point 
for the opposing side, that is, it is a fault to serve two 
balls which do not clear the net, or do not touch inside 
the service court. When the ball touches the net but 
goes into the proper service court, it is called a ''let ball" 
and does not count, but is served over again. Failure to 
return the ball after it is served counts one point for 
the server. The server must not step across the base 
line while serving, nor must she step, hop, walk or run. 

In serving it is important to study the grip of the 
racket, the method of hitting the ball, and the way to 
toss the ball into the air. The racket is held tightly in 
the hand by what is known as the long grip, hand at the 
end of the racket — usually the right hand. There are 
many different swings and twists used. It is best to adopt 
one that brings into play the full strength of the arm 
and shoulder, thus an overhead swing of the racket is 



94 SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBRAEY. 

most often used. The ball is tossed into the air and the 
racket, in its exact center, should hit the ball directly 
over the net into the opposite service court. Before a 
cut or a speedier serve is developed, the player should 
make sure of a steady ball that as a rule is good. After 
that is acquired, practice the cuts and put as much speed 
as possible into the serve. It is very important that the 
ball and the racket should meet at the psychological 
moment. If the ball is hit too low, it does not clear the 
net; if it is hit while too high in the air, it goes out of the 
service court. The follow through of the stroke should 
be natural and never chopped. 

In receiving and returning the ball there are many 
different strokes to use. It is advisable for the beginner 
to perfect both forehand and backhand strokes. For 
these strokes, the racket should be held in the short grip, 
that is, the end of the racket is at the wrist, hand reach- 
ing up the handle; the forearm should be in a line with 
the racket. 

One stroke, the drop stroke, the arm is back of the 
body, extended to full length ; then move — rather sweep — 
forward to meet the ball as it is about waist high, giving 
a little upward turn to your racket. Always follow 
through. The arm should be straight in this stroke. 

Besides a forehand stroke, a backhand stroke is also 
necessary to learn. In the forehand, the weight is on 
the right foot, but in the backhand it is on the left foot. 
There are many different kinds, but the most natural is 
the best for the beginner to use. The arm and racket, 
of course, ai'e across the body. Swnng back and meet the 



Spalding's athletic library. 95 

ball squarely, with body turned greatly to that side. 
Be careful to follow through. 

A great many people spoil their game of tennis by 
wild playing and smashes. It is much better to be de- 
liberate and calculating, carefully placing your shots out 
of reach of your opponent. Try to make every play count. 
In other words, use your head rather than brute strength. 

A good racket — carefully chosen for weight and balance 
and to which you have become accustomed — practice, a 
deliberate study of the game and your playing — these 
will help the average player. 

The most suitable dress for tennis is a light weight waist 
or a middy blouse; a short, wide skirt, and rubber or 
felt-soled flat-heeled shoes. 

Tennis Matches or Tournaments. 

For a tennis match there should be an official referee, 
who determines questions concerning the rules ; an umpire, 
who judges all balls except those on the fines, which are 
judged by the linesmen; a linesman for each of the seven 
lines, whose duty it is to judge the ball near her line. 
There may be a scorer, but this duty is generally assumed 
by the umpire, who announces each point, the score of 
each game, and how the sets stand. 

Each player should enter her name in advance; then 
each draws for opponent, the winner of one match 
meeting the winner of another, etc., until the final match 
is played. This is an elimination tournament. In 
doubles, the pair may be entered or the partner may be 
drawn for. 



96 

A favorite form of tournament where the number of 
entrants is small is the round robin tournament, where 
each contestant meets every other, irrespective of vic- 
tories. The championship with its trophy is given to 
the girl winning the greatest number of matches. 

Tournament play is greatly to be recommended, 
especially for schools or clubs. Match play adds con- 
siderably to the pleasure of the sport and usually has 
beneficial results, both physical and physiological. I 
have seen diffident girls taught to gain self control and 
composure at all times by competitive athletics. A 
tennis tournament can be made a gala social event as 
well as one of keen and interesting sport. 



Spalding's athletic libkary. 97 



Cricket 

Cricket is not widely played by girls, but there is no 
game which might be adopted to better advantage. ^ It 
may be played without any danger of over-exertion. 
A cricket crease may be placed on any level grassy field, 
usually a ground 100 yards square, although a smaller 
field may be utilized. The equipment required includes 
two sets of wickets, a cricket ball, at least two bats, 
the wicket-keeper gloves and leg guards, and a leg guard 
for each of two batsmen who are in. There are eleven 
players on each team and the game is divided into in- 
nings; that is, a side has its inning when it is at the bat. 
Two batsmen are ''in" at a time. 

The wickets are set in the middle of the field, opposite, 
parallel and 22 yards apart. On a line with the wicket 
is the bowling crease, 8 feet 8 inches in length. Four 
feet in front and parallel to it is the popping crease, of 
unlimited length. 

The batsman who is first striker takes her position 
with bat on the popping crease, the bowler at the oppo- 
site wicket, well behind bowling crease; also the second 
batsman, bat in hand, ready to run when hit is made. 
The bowler delivers the ball. It must be bowled, not 
thrown, tossed, or jerked. The bowler is allowed a run 
in her delivery, but she must keep one foot on the ground 
behind the bowling crease and within the return crease, 
otherwise it is no ball. 

The bowler must deliver the ball so that it shall come 



SHORT SLIP# wjCKrr TEAM A-lo the Refd 

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CENTER UNB "J/- 



CENTER UNE"*- 



BOWUNG CREASE 



BOWLER 

DIAGRAM OF FIELD OF PLAY 



TEAM A 

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S C O R I N 
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SAMPLE SCORING SHEET. 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRAEY. 99 

to the batsman on the ground. If it is delivered high 
or wide, the umpire shall call "wide ball." Six good 
balls make an "over;" the bowler shall be allowed to 
change ends when she pleases, provided she has not 
bowled two "overs" consecutively in one inning. The 
captain of the outs places the field as she deems wise, 
depending upon the skill of the batsman. 

The striker hits the ball; if it is caught before it touches 
the ground she is out; if the wicket is knocked down by 
a bowled ball she is out. If she hits it safe she runs to 
the return crease and the other batsman runs to the 
opposite popping crease and a run is scored. If the hit 
is long enough the batsmen continue to run, and each 
time they exchange creases a run is counted. The fielders 
endeavor to get the ball and throw in to the wicket-keeper 
in order to knock ofl the bails before the batsman touches 
her bat to the ground within the crease. When the bail is 
knocked off in this manner the batsman is out. When 
a batsman is out for any cause she is retired for the 
inning, and the side is retired when ten of the eleven 
strikers are declared out. 

Usually in the matches for girls only one inning for 
each team is played, although the rules call for two and 
three-day matches. The game affords ample oppor- 
tunity for outdoor exercise and muscular activity. For a 
full description, see Spalding's "How to Play Cricket." 

Cricket has been successfully played by girls. Miss 
Dorothy Wooster writes the following short article and 
gives a diagram and score card showing how the game 
is played at Smith College. 



100 Spalding's athlEtic- li:6eaiiy. 

Cricket as Played at Smith College 

By Dorothy Wooster. 
In order to adapt cricket for practical use, the follow- 
ing additions and changes have been made in the official 
rules, as published in the Spalding Athletic Library. 

A. Additio7is: 

1. Diagram of Field: Use center line,"a;," drawn 
between wickets. Cross this line by another line, ''y," 
drawn parallel to the popping crease. 

2. There shall be 3 innings to a game, each inning 
consisting of 3 ''outs'' on a side. 

3. There shall be a definite batting order. 

4. If a batter touches the ball with the bat she must 
run, or take her ''out." 

B. Changes in Rules: 

10. . . . and to be a good ball, the ball must hit the 
ground on or across the center hne "'^." 

13. A "Bowling Over" shall consist of six "good 
balls," or four "wide balls," or four "no balls." 

33A. . . . except in case of a "Caught Ball." The 
ball is then in play until it is settled in bowler's or 
wicket-keeper's hand. This change gives an oppor- 
tunity to put two runners out on one play; i. e., "Caught 
Out" and "Run Out." 

The scoring has been simphfied. For practice games, 
when full teams are not present, an individual score is 
kept. Using these changes the game progresses rapidly 
and holds the interest of both players and spectators. 



Spalding's athletic libraky. 101 

Soccer 

Soccer or association football is a particularly suit- 
able game for girls and women, since it furnishes splendid 
outdoor exercise without unnecessary roughness. It 
resembles field hockey in that it is mainly a running 
game, although there are many essential differences. The 
popularity of the game is rapidly increasing and it is 
played by many schools and colleges. 

The game is primarily a running and kicking game. 
No player but the goal keeper in her own goal area is 
permitted to touch the ball with the hands. Two teams 
of eleven players each line up in their half of the field. 
The captains toss for the choice of end or for the choice 
of the kick-off. In making the choice, the wind and the 
position of the sun should be considered. The ball is 
put in play by a kick-off. To advance the ball to 
the opponents' goal and to kick the ball between the 
goal posts and under the bar is the object of the game. 
Each goal counts one. The team having the highest score 
at the end of the two halves — time of which is determined 
by the captains — is the winner. Thus the two opposing 
teams are either attacking or defending. If one side has 
possession of the ball it should advance toward the oppo- 
nents' goal, thus attacking; if the ball is not in their 
possession they are checking their opponents' advance, 
thus defending. The players who do most of the attack- 
ing are the five forwards, assisted by the halfbacks. It 
is their duty to advance the ball by short and long passes, 
by dribbling, by a volley, i. e., hitting the ball with head 



102 srALDiNtrs athletic library. 

or chest, or kicking it before it has touched the ground. 
The fullbacks and goal keeper, assisted by the halfbacks, 
do the defensive work. 

The positions are: center forward, inside right and 
inside left, outer right and outer left; left, center, and 
right halfbacks: right and left fullbacks; goal keeper. 

The beginner in soccer should pay particular attention 
to the following: kicking, tackling, heading, and drib- 
bling. The ball is not kicked with the end of toe, but 
rather the toe is inserted under the ball, the mstep bear- 
ing the brunt of the work. The leg should be drawn back 
to get a good drive. Kicking is not merely sending the 
biill as fi^* and hard as possible, but kicking as accu- 
rately as possible so that each shot tells. Therefore, 
particular attention and practice should be given to kick- 
ing until the proper amount of control can be exercised 
over the ball. Every kick should be gotten off quickly 
and cleanly, toe well imder the ball so that it is raised. 

In shooting for the goal the kick should be hard, with 
all the force of the toe behind it. In aU defensive work 
the kicks should be carefully sent to the forwards; not 
too hard, since the ball then may go too far. 

The player should learn to kick with either foot so 
that the ball does not have to be maneuvered into a suit- 
able position for kicking. 

Every playei' — the forwards in particular — should 
know how to dribble, since it is frequently a handy art. 
Often, if a player wishes to get in a better position for t^ 
kick, a few dribbles will put her there. To dribble suc- 
cessfully, the biill is moved forward, just touchin.i; the 



Spalding's athletic library. 103 

toe, thus insuring complete control. For the inexperi- 
enced player, control in dribbling and speed seem a hard 
combination to achieve; but by practice, dribbling slowly 
at first, control is acquired and speed soon follows. 

A common fault sometimes due to dri billing is the 
monopoly of the ball by one player. Any individual 
should be self-sacrificing for the good of the team. 

Stopping the progress of an opponent, or "tackling" 
as it is termed, should be carefully practised, particularly 
by the defense. The best poHcy seems — to run directly 
toward the player with the ball, thus making her pass 
hurriedly or fumble. Never give up if your opponent 
gets away, dodges or slips past you. 

Many times it is an advantage to ''head" the ball, 
that is, hit it with the head before it touches the ground. 
When the players are massed together, a jump in the 
air and good ''heading" may save the day. Remember 
that the ball ought to be hit with the forehead, not the 
top of the head. This makes for accuracy. 

There should be, as in all other team games, team work. 
The forwards should bear the responsibility of the at- 
tack. They should carry the ball down the field by 
passing, dribbhng and volleying, i. e., hitting the ball 
in the air before it has touched the ground. Forwards 
should know how to shoot hard and accurately. It is 
well for a forward to know how to shoot and pass with the 
inside of the foot. In dribbling and in passing, the 
forward must remember to pass quickly to some one of 
her team who is unguarded. You should always be 
waiting to receive a pass. 



104 

The outsides are generally fast players with great skill 
in the dribble; the insides, like the center, are fine offen- 
sive players, fast and capable of shooting goals. 

The halfbacks feed and help the forwards attack, shoot- 
ing for the goal if the opportunity arises. The attack 
should be constantly varied by these players. The half- 
backs are also the first line of defense, necessarily they 
have a great deal of running to do. These three posi- 
tions are generally filled then by players phj^sically fit, 
with speed and with etamina for endurance. Center 
half is a particularly strenuous position. The halves 
should always try to keep the ball in the opponents' 
territory; when on the defense, they should be quick to 
tackle, to intercept passes and to guard their opponents. 

The fullbacks are the mainstay of the defense. They 
are cool-headed players who use great judgment. It is 
up to them to block anj^ opponent who has gotten by a 
halfback. Often the fullbacl^ have so carefully studied 
their opponents' play that they know exactly what the 
forward will do under certain circumstances. Above all, 
the fullbacks should never give up. 

The goal is a very vital point. To be a goal keeper, 
you must think quickly, keep your nerve, be cool and 
act instantl}^ according to your judgment. In fact, a 
goal keeper should be able to cover every inch of the goal 
in an instant; she must be able to move rapidly, jump, 
and reach into the air. Two points a goal keeper should 
remember: Never kick when you can use your hands — 
you can get rid of the bnll quicker and for better distance. 
Get the ball out of dangerous territory as soon as possible. 




Criok<-t— Well bit : 



A ;-'ood fn-o swinj? with tho ball well met often 
means a 'Mjoundary." 



Spalding's athletic library. 105 

Dress is an important consideration. The essentials 
are a middy blouse, a short, wide skirt or bloomers, 
with heavy enough shoes to allow for kicking and yet 
light enough to permit of speed in covering ground. 

Soccer Rules. 

[From Spalding's Athletic Library No. 358 — Official College Soccor GuIdt^J 

I. There are eloveu players on a team. 

II. The field of play is a quadrangle. Its dimensions vary 
from 130 to 100 yards in length and from 100 to 50 yards in 
breadth. A smaller field, as near those dimensions as possible, 
may be used. The lines, areas, etc., do not vary with any 
change in size of the fiold, however. Flags on five-foot stafis 
are placed at each of the four corners. Tiie lines are distinctly 
marked with whitewash if possible. The quadrangle is bounded 
by two end or "goal" linos and two side or "touch" hues wkich 
are at right angles with the goal lines. The field is exactly 
halved by a cross line. In the center of the field of play is a 
circle with a ten-yard radius. The goals are marked by goal 
posts, eight feet apart, in the middle of the goal line, equidistant 
from the side lines. The posts are joined by a cross-bar eight 
feet from the ground, and neither the posts nor cross-bar are 
more than five inches in width. At each end of the field in front 
of the goal is a goal area. Lines are marked six yards from each 
goal post at right angles to the goal line, extending in field for 
six yards. These two lines are connected by a line parallel to 
the goal line. The enclosed space is a goal area. 

There is also a penalty area in front of each goal. Lines are 
marked 18 yards from each goal post at right angles to the goal 
linos, extending in field for a distance of 18 yards. These two 
lines are joined by a line parallel to the goal linos. 

A mark 12 yards distant from and opposite the exact center of 
each goal designates the penalty kick mark. 

The ball ahould be a regulation association footbaU. 



106 Spalding's athletic librabt. 

III. The game is di\aded into two halves, each 45 minutes 
lon^r, \\'ith an interval of five minutes between the halves unless 
a different leui^th of time is agreed upon by the captains. Ends 
are chan^'ed at half time. 

IV. The choice of end or kick-off is decided by the toss of a 
coin. The game is started by a< place-kick, i. e., the ball is 
placed on the ground and kicked from this position in the center 
of the field. All opponents are more than ten yards away; 
no player may cross center of the gi'ound until the ball is kicked. 
After a goal is scored the ball is kicked off by the team which 
did not score the goal. At the beginning of the second half the 
ball is kicked by the opposing side from the side that kicked first. 

V. A goal is scored when the ball passes between the goal 
posts under the bar, provided that it has not been thrown, 
knocked, or carried. 

VI. When the ball goes out of bounds over the touch hue, 
a player of the opposite side from that playing it out, throws it 
in. She must stand on the touch line facing the field of play; 
the ball may be thi'own in any direction, pro\'ided it is thi-own 
over the head ^\'il]i both hands. A goal may not be scored from 
a throw-in. The tlurower-in may not touch the ball until it 
has been touched by another player. 

W^urn the ball gOL^s out of bounds over the goal line, played 
over by an attacker, it is kicked off by a defender, within the 
half of the goal area nearest the point where the ball went out. 
If it was sent out by a defender, it is kicked by an attacker from 
a point Yfithin one yard of nearest corner flag. No player in 
either Ciise may be within 10 yards of the ball until the kick-off 
is taken. 

VII. If, after the ball has been played or thrown in, it is 
t^iuched by a player on the same side as the person last touching 
it, who at the moment of playing is nearer her opponents' goal 
than the person last paying the ball, she is off-side and may not 
interfere with the ball or opponent. Ske is not off-side, however, 
if at the time of play there are at least three of her opponents 
between her and the goal, or if she is vv-ithin her own haff of the 



Spalding's athletic libkary. 107 

field, or in a corner kick, or if the ball was last touched by an 
opponent. 

VIII. The goal keeper may use her hands to catch or to throw 
the ball if she is within her own penalty area. 

IX. There should bo no tripping, kicking, striking, jumping 
at, handhng (except in Rule VI), holding, pushing, obstructing, 
or charging from behind. The goal keeper may be charged if 
she is holding the ball, or obstructing or outside her own goal 
area. The penalty for a foul is a free kick. 

X. A free kick is taken for any infringement of a rule. The 
ball must roll over — travel the distance of its circumference — to 
bo considered played. No opponent may stand within 10 yards 
unless standing on own goal line. The kicker may not touch 
the ball a second time until it has been touched by another 
player. A goal may be scored from a free kick if it is granted 
for any breaking of Rule VII. 

XI. Any intentional infringement by either the attackers or 
defenders outside the penalty area, a free kick is awarded to 
opposing side. 

If, however, there is an intentional foul by the defenders 
within the penalty area, a penalty kick is granted to the opposing 
side. All players except the goal keeper and a player from the 
opposing side who is to take the kick remain outside the penalty 
area. The goal keeper must not advance beyond the goal line. 
The ball is kicked forward and a goal may be scored from a 
penalty kick. The ball must be kicked and may not be touched 
again by the kicker until it has been touched by another player. 

XII. There is a referee who controls the game and enforces 
the rules. Her power in the game is supreme. The ball is in play 
until the decision is given. 

There are two linesmen who decide when the ball is out of 
play, what player has the corner kick, goal kick, or throw-in. 

The referee acts as timekeeper. 

To restart the game stopped temporarily, the referee drops 
the ball to the ground on the spot where it was when play was 
suspended. The ball is in play when it touches the ground. 



108 Spalding's athletic library. 

Archery 

Archery might be classed as a pioneer sport for women. 
The art of the bow and arrow has been exploited ever 
since the written records of man. At the present time, 
when such sports as basket ball, field hockey, track 
athletics, etc., are the popular games, archery has been 
less in favor. There is no reason why any athletic girl 
who can run the hundred in good time, and acquit herself 
creditably in any of the more strenuous sports, should 
smile a supercilious smile at Archery — mere child's play 
in her mind. In fact, it is far from child's play, and it has 
all the advantages of wholesome outdoor competition. 

In order to be successful at archery two things are 
necessary — perseverance and a trained eye. Any girl 
without particular athletic ability can learn how to hold 
the bow and take aim. Both requisites may be acquired 
through practice. There is no need for great strength or 
for any violent exertion. It is particularly good for grow- 
ing girls where more violent exercise might be harmful. 

The archer should look first to her bow, which should 
be neither too heavy nor too strong. A beginner should 
not use a bow that is heavy. The bow together with the 
arrow should be tested and if it can be raised and drawn 
without strain it has the proper weight. Another point 
to be considered is steadiness; no bow should kick or jar 
after the string is released. 

The arrows should also be chosen carefully according 
to weight and length. An arrow that is too heavy will 
weaken the bow; an arrow that is too light will not fly 



SPALDING^'S ATHLETIC LIBEAET. 109 

truly. Arrows vary in length and should be chosen 
according to length of arm, so that when the arrow is 
drawn the proper form can be maintained. A right- 
handed archer extends the left arm full length holding 
the bow, while the right hand (grasping the string with 
the notch of the arrow adjusted) should be at the right 
cheek; therefore the length of the arrow should be gov- 
erned by the length of the left arm. 

Bows vary from three feet to five feet six inches and 
arrows from fifteen inches to twenty-five inches. The 
arrows should be carefully kept when not in use. A 
quiver and belt is a desirable added equipment. Some 
archers find a bracer or arm guard necessary. 

In shooting the arrow the first consideration is the 
position of standing. The side of body should be directly 
toward the target (or the point aimed at) , the head turned 
tov/ard the target, looking over the shoulder. The feet — 
heels slightly apart — should be at right angles to an im- 
aginary line drawn directly from target. 

Next to be considered is nocking the arrow. The bow 
should be held in a horizontal position, the arrow is laid 
across the bow and the nock or notch of the arrow is 
fitted on the string by the right hand. 

The position of the hand is important. The string is 
held by three fingers, the string resting near the tips of the 
fingers above the first joint; the arrow rests between 
the first and second fingers; the thumb and little finger 
should not touch the arrow or the string. 

Next comes the draw. Raise the bow hand, drawing 
on the string sHghtly; take a preUminary sight; then 



110 Spalding's athletic library. 

the draw is taken almost the full distance, the full aim 
is caught, and the arrow is released when drawn to the 
fullest extent. Another way is to raise the bow, draw to 
the fullest extent, take aim by moving the hand on the 
bow handle up or down as the need dictates; loose the 
string by straightening the fingers while the hand is 
drawn entirely back. 

The archer should never shoot more than three arrows 
in succession without resting. The fourth and succeed- 
ing flights are apt to be inaccurate if the arms are the 
least bit tired. Always be sure to shoot every arrow 
carefully — never hurry. 

The bows and arrows should be well taken care of. 
They should be cleaned and wiped thoroughly after each 
use. Never use a blunt arrow; it will not hold in the 
target. The bow should always be unstrung after it is 
used and strung before using again. 

The arrow should be uniformly nocked at the same 
point upon the string in order to insure accurac3^ Thus, 
it is desirable to wrap the string at the proper point 
with a different colored thread. 

Games. 

The most ancient form of archery is the so-called rov- 
ing game, which consists of roving about and shooting 
at marks from various distances. Another form is flight 
shooting — seeking to cast an arrow the greatest possible 
distance. 

Modern archery, however, is practically confined to 
target shooting. A target is a flat disc, varjdng from 



Spalding's athletic libeaey. Ill 

eighteen inches to forty-eight inches in diameter. It is 
marked by concentric rings or bands of different colors. 
From center to the outer ring the colors are gold, red, 
blue, black, and white; the latter is usually banded by a 
narrow strip of green. The dimensions are: gold nine 
and six-tenths inches, and the width of each of the other 
rings is exactly half that amount. 

Tournament. 
The archer standing at a prescribed distance shoots 
at the target, trying to make as many hits as possible 
and to place the arrows in the gold. Three arrows are 
usually shot at a time, then three more. The six arrows 
form an end. A given number of ends form a range, 
while two or three ranges form a round. 

The Score. 
A hit is counted if the arrow pierces the target. The 
values of the different bands are: gold, 9; red, 7; blue, 5; 
black, 3; white, 1. An arrow cutting or touching the 
line between rings counts for the higher value. Also 
one hit is counted if the arrow rebounds from face of 
or if it passes through the body of the target; this adds 
one point to the score. 

The Rounds for Ladies are: 
I. — National Round. 

48 arrows at 60 yards. 
24 arrows at 50 yards. 
At the double of this the National Championship is 
decided. 



112 Spalding's athletic libeaby. 

II. — Columbia Round. 

24 arrows at 50 yards. 
24 arrows at 40 yards. 
24 arrows at 30 yards. 
The Ladies' Interclub team and mid-range matches 
are contested with 96 arrows at 50 yards. 

Archery Clubs. 

The sport of archery gives a splendid opportunity for 
the formation of clubs with weekly or bi-weekly tourna- 
ments. Groups of girls can adopt a color designating 
teams where there are no other means of rivalry; thus, 
team and individual trophies may be contested for. 

The grounds for archery should be carefully chosen. 
The most suitable ground is a level, grassy space with a 
uniform background. It is well to see that no danger 
can come to anyone through a flying arrow. 



113 



Indoor Base Ball 

Indoor base ball, like basket ball, is a game that may- 
be played in the winter months in the gymnasium and 
it may also be played outdoors in a comparatively small 
space. When well played, it may become as exciting as 
the outdoor game. Its similarity to the outdoor game 
makes it easier for a majority of the players to under- 
stand it quickly. The ball is pitched by a pitcher to a 
batter who tries to hit it, in order to run to first base. 
Each batter in turn tries to advance her teammates and 
herself so that they each may touch each of the four 
bases in turn, thus making a run. There are nine in- 
nings. In each inning each team has a turn at bat, or 
an opportunity to bring in runs. The three main points 
are batting, pitching and fielding. 

The pitcher throws the ball with a straight arm and 
with an underarm throw. Of course, she endeavors to 
find the batter's weak spots and pitch accordingly. The 
fewer hits made by the batter, the greater the glory of 
the pitcher. 

The batter must use common sense, and not let the 
pitcher fool her. To make every hit count is the rule 
for the batter; thus she must judge the ball, hit to a favor- 
able spot in the field, working with the object of advanc- 
ing such of her teammates already on the bases. The 
base runner should always be wideawake, ready to take 
advantage of any opportunities offered to her. 

The fielders must be quick to judge a ball, quick to 



114 

catch it, and throw immediately to the necessary spot to 

head off any incipient scoring by a base runner. 

A quick, well-played game of indoor base ball is lots 

of fun. 

Indoor Base Ball Rules. 

THE DIAMOND OR INFIELD. 

The game is played on an indoor floor. The diamond or in- 
field is marked out at one end, the remaining floor is the outfield. 
At each of the four corners of the diamond is a base, usually made 
of canvas and half filled with sand. The distance along the sides 
is 27 feet if possible. There should be a box for the pitcher, 7 
by 3 feet, and 23 feet distant from center of home base. A bats- 
man's box, one on each side of the home base, six inches distant 
from the base. The boxes are each 4 by 3 and extend a foot in 
front of a line drawn through center of the base and 3 feet be- 
hind. Foul lines should be drawn from the home base to first 
and from third to home, outside the side lines, so that the bases 
are inside the foul Knes. 

THE BALL AND BAT. 

The regulation indoor base ball and bat are used. 

THE PLAYERS. 

There may be seven to nine players on a side, placed in 
position bj^ the captain. There must be one player who stands 
within the pitcher's box and pitches the ball according to rule. 
A substitute may be put in to run for a player by consent of 
both captains. 

THE GAME. 

The game has nine innings for each side. If there is a tie the 
game is continued by innings until one side has won, or game is 
discontinued. Choice of innings is decided by the toss of a coin. 

THE SCORE. 

One run, i. e., one point to the side making the run, is scored 
when a base runner runs to and touches each of the tliree bases 
and touches home base before three players of her side are out. 



i 



Spalding's athletic library. 115 

THE PITCHER. 

The pitcher delivers the ball with the arm parallel to the body. 
The pitcher may not take more than one step. 

THE BALL. 

The ball is good if it passes over any portion of the home plate 
no lower than the batsman's knee and no higher than her shoulder. 

It is counted a balk by the pitcher if she makes any motion 
to deliver the ball without doing so or holds the ball so long as to 
delay the game. 

An illegal ball is dehvered by the pitcher if she st(;ps out of 
box or takes more than one step while pitching that ball. 

A dead ball is a pitched ball which strikes the batter. 

A batted ball is fair unless it strikes outside the foul line first. 

A blocked ball is a ball batted or thrown that is stopped or 
handled by a person not playing. The ball is returned to the 
pitcher and runners remain on the same bases. 

A strike is: 

1. A ball struck at by the batter without her touching it. 

2. A foul tip caught. 

3. A good ball, legally delivered by the pitcher, not struck at 
by the batter. 

4. A good ball which the batter deliberately interferes with. 
A foul strike is a ball batted when the batter is out of her 

position. 

The batsman is out: 

1. If she bats out of turn. 

2. If she fails to take her position one minute after umpire 
calls for batter. 

3. If a foul hit made by her is caught by the catcher before 
the ball touches the floor or the wall. 

4. If she makes a foul strike. 

5. If any attempt be made to hinder the catcher or if the 
ball is intentionally fouled. 



116 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBKAEY. 

6. If, first base beiug occupied by a base runner, the batter 
has three strikes, except when two players are aheady out. 

7. If, on the third strike, she is hit by the ball. The base 
runner must touch in regular order first, second, third and home 



The batter is a base runner immediately after: 

1. A fair hit. 

2. Four balls. 

3. Tlu-ee strikes. 

4. Illegal dehvery by pitcher. 

The player is granted one base for the above, also the player 
may advance one base if: 

1. Succeeding player is granted a base. 

2. If umpire is struck by a batted or thrown ball. 

3. If she is prevented from making a base by an adversary. 
If the ball is fumbled on the third strike or fourth ball the 

base runner may take as many bases as she can get. 

The base runner may only leave her base when the ball has 
been struck, or, if it is not struck, it has reached the catcher. 

The base runner is brought back if: 

1. She starts too soon. 

2. For a foul strike. 

3. A dead ball. 

4. A foul hit not legally fielded. The pitcher must wait for 
her to return. 

The base runner is out: 

1. If having made a fair hit, this is fielded before it touches 
the wall or tioor. 

2. If there is any intentional interference with the ball just 
batted. 

3. If the third strike is caught before touching the ground. 

4. If, after three strikes or a fair hit, the base runner before 
touching first base is touched by a fielder with the ball in her 



117 

hands, or if the ball is securely hold by fielder touching first base 
before the base runner touches first base. 

5. If she does not run directly. 

6. If she obstructs the fielder. 

7. If she fails to touch the bases in regular order. 

The base runners may be coached from the coachor's box. 

There are two umpires who control the game. One judges 
all balls, strikes, blocks, dead balls, balks, illegal deliveries, fair 
and foul hits, ground hits, foul strikes. All decisions at the 
home plate are made by her. Time and play are called. She 
stands in a position behind the catcher. 

The other judges the base plays. She stands near base line 
where she can best see field of play. 

The two change positions at the end of each inning. 

A regulation score card should be used. 



118 SPALDINCIS ATHLETIC LIBRAEY. 



American Hand Ball* 

Hand ball is a game suitable for either indoor or out- 
door plajdng, in which two or four persons may partici- 
pate. The game is divided into two parts — offensive and 
defensive. The server, or, if there are four playing, the 
server and her partner, constitute the offensive; the re- 
ceiver or the receiving side, the defensive. The score 
is made by the serving side upon an error by the receiv- 
ing side ; if the server makes an error she loses the serve, 
thus also the chance to score. The ball is batted with 
the cupped hand against a wall or back board so that 
it bounds within a given territory. 

The server drops or bounces the ball and then hits it 
on the rebound with the palm of hand against the wall, 
so that it rebounds as far from the receiver as possible. 
Control and speed are two important factors. In order 
to obtain good control, the player should practice and 
endeavor to place the ball where her opponent isn't. 
This requires careful observation of your opponent's tac- 
tics. After control comes speed; a speedy ball is always 
hard to return. 

For the defensive, the player should always try to be 
in a good position to return any ball; thus, it is imperative 
to be able to play the ball with either hand. It is safer 
for the defensive plaj^er to play a conservative game 
rather than a speedy one, for any error counts for the 
other side. 

*For further details see Spalding's " American Hand Ball." 



Spalding's athletic library. 119 

Every player should learn to serve well, to use control 
and speed; every player should learn to become equally 
efficient with either hand, batting the ball with straight 
aim; every player should always remember to outman- 
euver her opponent and place the ball where it is most 
difficult for her to return it. 

Rules for American Hand Ball. 

A hand ball court consists of a floor, a wall or back board, and 
field. The floor is usually 20 feet ^ido and 26 feet long", with a 
service line, distinctly marked, drawn across the floor at the 
middle point, 13 feet away, between the front liiie (end line 26 feet 
away from the board) and the board. The floor is smooth but not 
polished. The wall or back board is 10 feet high and 20 feet wide. 
The field is the whole space including the floor and is 55 feet 
wide and 40 feet long including the court. 

A regulation hand ball (small hard-rubber ball hollow inside) 
and gloves are used. 

Points may only be scored by the side serving. Twenty-one 
points are a game. Should each score twenty points, either side 
must score two consecutive points on one serve to win. 

There are two officials — a referee and an umpire — who have 
control of the game, who decide all questions of balls, time, 
unfair play, etc. 

The choice of serving or receiving is decided by tossing a coin. 

The ball is struck with the palm of either hand — one hand 
only — by no other part of body, nor by both hands simul- 
taneously. 

The ball is dropped or bounced to the floor by the server 
on that side of the service line farthest from the court. The 
served ball after touching the board must cross to the far side 
of the service line and land within the court. If it touches the 
floor on the near side of the service line, it is short; if it touches 
out of the court on the far side of the service line, it is a long. 



120 Spalding's athletic libkaet. 

The server may serve these balls over again, but if one "short" 
and one "long" or two "short" or two "long" balls are served 
consecutively by the same player, the server (or the side, if 
doubles) is out. Then the receiver becomes the server. 

If a served ball touches the Hoor outside the side lines, the 
server or the side is out. 

A served ball is played on the first bounce only. A returned 
ball may be played on the first bounce or on the fly. All halls 
served or returnee} viust touch the board before touchi?2g the floor. 
A ball leaving the hand of a player striking opponent before 
touching wall or floor is a "hinder." Two hinders by one player 
in a service is a put-out or a point scored. A ball leaving the 
board which strikes the player who returned it, or partner, is a 
put-out or a point for the side struck. A baU lea^'ing the board 
striking an opponent is a point or put-out in favor of the oppos- 
ing side of person so struck. 

All balls are played until decided by the referee. 

A retm-ned ball must be within the dimensions of the court. 

Players may block each other fairly, that is, a player may so 
place the ball that he blocks his opponent, but this must be done 
before the ball has left his hand. In doubles, no blocking may 
be done after the ball has left the board. 

For unfair blocking, a penalty — subtracting from one to five 
points from score of the otYender — may be imposed by the referee. 

In doubles, tlie sides alternate in service as well as receiving. 
No player shall serve or play the same defensive position all the 
time. 



Spalding's athletic library. 121 



Irish Hand Ball Rules 

I. A ball may be batted with either hand. 
Foul — Never with both hands. 
Penalty — For server, loss of hand; for receiver, ace for server. 

II. The server may stand anywhere in space between ace 
line and front Hne. 

XToul — She must not step over inner line twice in succession 

wliile serving. 
Penalty — Server loses hand. 

III. A served ball must hit the front wall before it hits either 
side wall, roof or floor. 

Foul — If served ball hits side wall, roof or floor before hitting 

front wall. 
Penalty — Server loses hand. 

IV. A served ball may be so played that after hitting front 
wall it rebounds from a side wall or the back wall, before touch- 
ing the floor behind ace hne. 

V. Short ball.— If a served ball touches the floor inside 
the ace line (between that line and the front wall) it is called a 
short ball. Any number of short balls may be served with 
good balls in between. 

Foul — To serve three short balls in succession. 

Penalty — Server loses hand. 

VI. If a short ball is served the receiver m;ay or may not 
play according to her desire. 

VII. A ball may never be batted or touched in any way 
twice by either server or receiver before it touches front wall. 
Foul — To touch a ball twice in succession. 
Penalty — Server loses hand; receiver, point to server. 

VIII. If receiver fails to send back the ball to the front wall 
it counts ace for server. If server fails she is hand out. 



122 spaldixg's athletic library. 

IX. A server after retiring must he given time to get into 
position for receiving. 

Foul — To use foot to strike ball. 

Peualty— Server loses hand; receiver, point to server. 

X. Hinder.— To stop a ball going to front wall, if unin- 
tentional, ball is dead and must be served again. 

FoiU — If iutentional. hinder. 

Penalty— Server loses hand: receiver, point to server. " 

XI. Ball to be fair must strike at lea^t six inches above 
floor, that is, above the tell board. 
Foul — Intentional. 
Applying to doubles. 

XII. Served ball strikes server's partner; called a hinder. 
Foul — Hit, hinder for serving side. 
Penalty — Loss of hand. 

XIII. Server's partner interferes T^ith the ball before it is 
played by either of the two opposing players. 

Foul — Hit. hinder by servers partner. 
Penalty — Loss of hand. 

XIV. If a receiver strikes ball so that it strikes partner it is 
a hinder. 

Foul — Hit, point for receiver. 

XV. If a receiver strikes either of opponents with baU a 
hinder. ' 

Foul— Hit, point for receiver, decided by referee. 



SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBRAEY. 123 



Fencing 

To some, the practice required to develop good form 
in fencing may at first seem tedious. This practice, how- 
ever, not only rounds out the form of the fencer, but also 
is very beneficial in that it exercises the muscles of the 
entire body and in that it cultivates quick thinking and 
stimulates mental alertness. From the physical point 
of view fencing tends to develop symmetrically all the 
muscles of the body, to give a lightness and quickness of 
movement, gracefulness, and generally to strengthen the 
body. To fence well it is necessary to think quickly 
and act calmly. The fencer must judge what is best 
suited for her to do. She must divine her opponent's 
attack. Thus she must be mentally alert all the 
time. 

For the beginner and inexperienced fencer, it is neces- 
sary to have a good foil, one that is the proper weight 
for the strength of the fencer. Never use a foil that is 
too heavy; it is better to have a light than heavy one. 
A foil must also have the proper balance. To test the 
foil lay the blade across the finger about an inch below 
the hilt. If the weight is properly distributed it will 
balance. To avoid any accidents a fine-meshed mask 
and plastron or jacket should always be worn. If a 
glove is worn it should be loose enough to allow perfect 
freedom of action, but not so loose as to be cumbersome. 

Rubber-soled shoes or a shoe that will not slip should 
be worn. 



124 SPALDIN^G'S ATHLETIC LIBILIEY. 

How TO Hold the Foil. 

The handle of the foil has two sides, the concave and 
the convex. The foil is held, generally in the right hand, 
so that the concave of the handle rests in the palm; the 
convex is then the upper side; the jfingers are closed 
around the handle, the thumb rests on the upper or 
convex side, without touching the hilt; the fingers 
must not overlap the thumb. The foil is held correctly 
when, i. e., for the right-handed fencer, the thumb nail 
faces upward and the finger nails toward the left. This 
position of the foil is called supination. 

Another position is pronation. For this the back of 
hand is turned up, the fingers are drawn closer together 
and the thumb is closer to the fingers. 

Form and skill count for the most in fencing, hence 
strict attention is paid to the different positions until 
the form is perfect. Quickness and good judgment are 
acquired with practice and experience. It is of course 
desirable to procure the services of a competent instructor 
when a beginner. 

The fencer should remember to use mainly the fingers 
and wrist; the part played by the arms is subordinate. 

Think quickly. Thrust and parry coolly and make 
every movement count. If your movements become hur- 
ried and flustered, the result is slashing, which is not 
good fencing — good headwork counts. Try to fathom 
your opponent's methods and take advantage of every 
opening she gives. Consistent practice and confidence 
will enable you to be ready for any situation which 
may come about. 



Spalding's atiilettg library. 125 

On Guard. 
This is the elementary position in fencing. Stand at 
attention, body turned facing opponent outwardly, feet 
at right angles, the left foot pointing forward, the right 
foot outward toward opponent. 

1. Raise the arm holding foil lightly, extend toward 
opponent, hand at height of and opposite the eye. 

2. Drop the arm and foil, point outward, until it is 
a few inches from the floor. 

3. Sweep the foil across the body so that the foil is hori- 
zontal. Grasp the blade close to the guard with fingers 
of the left hand, palm up. The right hand is reversed. 

4. Bend arms over head in a circle, carrying foil up- 
ward so it is kept horizontal. 

5. Lower right hand to height of the right breast, with 
foil directed outward toward opponent at the height of 
her eyes. Drop the left elbow, curving the hand over 
the left shoulder. 

6. Bend the legs, separating them at the knees. 

7. Advance the right foot in a direct line from the 
left heel to opponent. The right knee should be bent 
over the right foot, both feet should be flat on the floor. 

After these seven movements have been practised and 
the position on guard reached quickly and accurately, 
the fencer may take up more advanced work. The 
natural instinct is to defend oneself, so a scientific 
means of defense is taught. Any movement that turns 
away an opponent's foil is called a parry. As the fencing 
jacket is divided into different lines of engagement, there 
is a set parry for each. In all parries, it is important to 



128 Spalding's athletic library. 

turn the point of the opponent's foil away from your 
body. Parries are divided into two main classes, simple 
and counter. The following are the simple parries: 

The Parry of Quarte. 
Using the fingers and wrist, the foil is carried across 
body from right to left, turning the point of opponent's 
foil away from the attack; the right forearm protects 
the left side, the elbow is close at side and in a line with 
the hip bone; the tip of foil points up; the foil is 
held in supination. 

The Parry of Sixte. 

The foil moves from left to right, protecting the right 
side. The hand is held in supination. 

The Parry of Septime. 
The hand is moved as in quarte; the hand is held in 
supination; the point is dropped to the waistline by a 
semi-circular movement outward. 

The Parry of Octave. 
With the hand similar to that of septime the foil is moved 
outward in a semi-circle and the point is dropped. 

Parry of Quinte. 
For this, the hand from quarte is lowered toward the 
hip, point upward. 

Parry of Tierce. 
The foil is held in pronation. The parry of Sixte 
covers the same line of engagement except in the differ- 
ence in holding the foil. 



Spalding's athletic library. 127 

Parry of Prime. 
From quarte, the hand is moved toward the left 
shoulder, the point dropped, the back of hand is turned 
upward and outward. 

Parry of Seconde. 

The hand is in pronation; it covers the same ground 
as octave. 

Besides these simple parries are counter parries, which 
are circles described with the tip of the foil around the 
opponent's foil, holding the foil as close as possible to hers. 

In all the parries it is practice, so that the movements 
are smooth and the recovery from the parry to the on- 
guard position is instantaneous. The fingers and wrist 
should be used mainly in the parries, the arm movement 
should be as sHght as possible. 

The Attack. 
A fundamental of the attack first to be learned is the 
thrust. The tip of the foil is aimed at the point to be 
hit, the arm is straightened. Added to the thrust in the 
attack is the lunge. The right foot is carried forward 
(about twice its length), the left leg is straightened, the 
weight of the body is on the right leg, which is bent at 
the knee. The left arm is carried straight down at the 
side, palm of the hand turned outward. The thrust and 
the advance with the foot are simultaneous. The lunge 
requires much practice to develop a quick attack and 
recovery. One important factor to be remembered in 
the lunge is never to get the balance too far over the 



128 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBKARY. 

right knee. Also never let aii}^ part of the left foot leave 
the floor. Immediately after the lunge and the thrust, 
the fencer should quickly resume the original position, 
i. e., the on guard position. 

There are mau}^ different methods of attack, divided 
into two main classes, primary and secondary. Primary 
attack is one that is begun by j'-ourself ; secondary attack 
is one when you attack in an opening your opponent 
gives in her attack. Besides these are false attacks to 
decoy the opponent's attack. 

The Direct Lunge. — This is one form of attack, though 
the straight attack is generally preceded b}^ disengages. 
A riposte is a thrust unaccompanied by a lunge; this is 
important in secondary attack. 

The Disengage. — In order to attack in a center line, it 
may be necessary to raise the point of your foil over or 
drop it under the point of your adversary's. 

The Counter Disengage. — This is a disengage (or more 
than one) followed by a circling of the tip of your foil 
around 3'^our opponent's foil, followed by an attack on 
your part. 

The Coupe (cut over). — The point of the foil is raised 
by the fingers and carried down on the opposite side of 
j^our opponent's foil, accompanied by the lunge. 

In the attack the fencer should remember to keep the 
right arm straight, to aim at the line carefully, to always 
be in a position to guard closely. 

In a match or competitive bout, the umpire decides 
the hits, but it is courtesy to acknowledge a hit yourself. 



Spalding's athletic libeary. 129 



Swimming 

A graceful swimmer is as fascinating to watch as a 
graceful dancer. Anyone with a thorough knowledge 
of the strokes and with sufficient confidence in her own 
ability may develop into a graceful and competent 
swimmer. Everyone should learn to swim well, because 
it is not only one of the best physical exercises, but also is 
a useful accomplishment in case of emergency. Swim- 
ming is an all-around exercise, since it brings into play 
all the muscles of the body. Not only is swimming good 
from the above points of view, but also as a rule it stimu- 
lates and refreshes, and combined withal there is gen- 
erally an element of fun which lends zest to the sport. 

Those girls who fail to enjoy their swimming do so 
because they have no confidence in their ability. It is 
foolhardy to venture into deep water when one cannot 
swim well, but if there are good swimmers in the proxim- 
ity and a float or some other object close by which can be 
reached by merely stretching out the arm, then is the 
time to gain confidence and corresponding ability and 
endurance. 

Never swim in dangerous water alone. Never swim 
when tired. Over-exertion in swimming, much more so 
than in other sports, should be watched for, especially in 
racing and long distance swims, and if any of the con- 
testants tire, they should leave the water. 

There are two faults the mediocre swimmer — even the 
average swimmer — is apt to have, namely, poor breathing 



130 Spalding's athletic libeary. '' 

and hurried strokes. It is important to learn to breathe 
well. The breathing should be regular and is varied 
according to the different strokes. The common ten- 
dency is to hold the breath until it is a physical impossi- 
bility to hold it any longer, then let it out through the 
mouth with a gasp, hold the breath again, etc. 

In haste to reach the objective point, the swimmer is 
sometimes apt to hurry her stroke. Thereby she fails 
to execute her strokes in good form, usually floundering 
and splashing without deriving any force or impetus from 
her efforts. This is not only ineffectual, but it is ex- 
ceedingly exhausting and tiring. The strokes should al- 
ways be completed in perfect form and rhythm. 

There are varied types of strokes; often one stroke is 
more suited to an individual than another. Swimming 
is just as individual as walking, for it is rarely that two 
people swim in identically the same manner. Often bad 
habits become fixed, unconsciously, even in the strokes 
of the best swimmers, so it is well to watch one's form 
carefully. 

Tlw Breast Stroke. — In the breast stroke, the swimmer 
is lying in the water flat upon the breast. The feet 
should be but a few inches below the water; the head is 
carried so that the mouth is just under the water; the 
legs are together and straight, toes pointing back; the 
arms are stretched straight in front, hands just touching 
each other, palms down, fingers together; with elbow 
stiff, the arms are circled back close under and parallel 
to the surface until the^^ are at right angles to the body; 
the hands are turned in the beginning of the stroke so 



Spalding's athletic library. 131 

that the palms are outward; then the elbows are bent 
so that they are drawn back and close to the body, and 
the hands, palms down, are brought together at the chest, 
ready to shoot forward to the starting position; when 
the arms are drawn back the mouth is carried above the 
water, then the swimmer should inhale through the 
mouth; when the arms shoot forward then exhale, pre- 
ferably through the nostrils; the beginning of the kick 
is made as the arms are drawn up to the chest; the legs 
are drawn up, heels together, knees bent out; simultane- 
ously as the hands are shot forward, legs are kicked out- 
ward, then the heels are brought quickly together. 

In this stroke the body gets its impetus from the reach 
of the arms and the kick. Thus the body should glide 
through the water until the momentum is used up, then 
the arms are circled back, etc. Always try to utilize 
the momentum. All the parts of the stroke quickly 
follow one another, so that the entire stroke is smooth. 

The Side Stroke. — In this stroke the kick is very impor- 
tant. The scissors kick is used. The body lies with 
shoulder and side flat in the water, usually the jight 
side; the upper leg is kept straight, almost stiff, and is 
kicked forward ; the under leg is bent backward from the 
knee; then the legs are brought together and closed 
with a snap; the arms are stretched overhead, palms 
out; the upper arm, kept rigid, with the hand shghtly 
cupped, circles just under the surface to the thigh, then 
the elbow is bent and the arm carried above the water 
to the first position; the under arm starts as the upper 
finishes and is carried to lower thigh ; then, the elbow bent, 



l:V2 sPALniNd's; a'phletic LiniiARY. 

it is shot forward under tlio surface of the water, palm 
oi' hand down. 

The whole stroke is: Upper arm starts the pull, ilie 
It^gs arc opened, and brc^ath is inhaled; then as the upper 
arm finishes the under arm starts, the legs are snapped 
(()i»;(^lher; breath is exhaled ns (lu^ und(M- arm goes for- 
ward. 

The Trudgeon. — The scissors kick as described in the 
side stroke is used also in the trudgeon. This kick is 
\cvy im[)or(ant and should be practised carefully until 
the swimmer is perfect. 

It is always better to swim on the right side if it is 
possibU^, as it relieves the i)ressure the heart is ai)t to be 
subjected io if the swimmer prefers the left side. The 
body rests in the water, arm stretched at full length, the 
palms are turned down; the upper arm catches the 
water and is brought down, tlie elbow is fairly slilY, 
])alms turned slightly outward, iingcM'S together; when 
arm is straigiit alongsiiie the body, then the elbow is 
bcMit and (lu^ arm ciUTied forward above the water to the 
lirst position; as the ut)per arm linishes, the under arm 
(^xecutc^s the same stroke as the upper arm; the body 
is rolUnl. 

The whoU> stroke siiould be practised together, so that 
it is smoothly and accurately done. First, the upper 
arm catches the water, the body is slightly rolled, head 
twisted so that breath may be inhaUnl dm-ing the pull, 
the h\gs are opiMied at start of pull and cIoschI at the end 
of pull. Th(^n und(M' arm catches the water, the body is 
rolled so that the face is in the water, and during the 



HVALDTNcTs A'Pil LIC'I'K! I,II5[{AIIY. 18)^ 

pull tho breath is exhaled slowly under the wat(;r. Then, 
as under arm finishes tluj pull, the uppc^r arm enters 
the water, etc. 

The Crawl. — The crawl is the racing stroke. The b(ist 
way to begin is first to perfect the movement of the arms. 
The body is flat in the water, face down, arms slightly 
bent at the elbow, stretched over head so that wrists are 
a little beyond the head; the hands cut and are driven 
through the water, elbows still bent, until the hands reach 
the hip, then they are carried out the water and forward, 
elbows in air. The arms alternate, so that while one arm 
is travehng back under the water, the otln^r is traveling 
forward in the air to resume the stroke. 

The brc^athing in this stroke is hard to master. As 
the face is in the water, the breath is taken only every 
two or three strokes by turning the h(;ad quickly as the 
upper arm is being brought down; the exhaling is done 
under water, while the under arm go(3S forward. This is 
for racing; a breath may be taken at each stroke when 
the stroke is slower. 

In the kick, the legs are stiff from the hip, knees close 
together, then they arc moved up and down alternately 
with the feet close together. It is difficult at first to main- 
tain the leg drive, to make the whole stroke smooth, and 
to breath(3 (easily, but these difficulties may be conquered 
by practices 

Plain Back Stroke. — The body is flat on the back in 
the water, the arms are straight over the head, the palms 
of hands upward; the palms are turned outward, then 
the arms, stiff at the elbow, are circled down close to the 



134 SPALDINC/S ATHLETIC LIBRAKY. 

surface and parallel to it; after the arms are straight 
by the body, they are carried to the first position, per- 
fectly straight, and clear of the water; the legs are 
straight, then as the arms clear the water for the recovery, 
they are bent as in the breast stroke kick, kicked out 
straight, then the heels are brought together. 

This stroke is almost the same as the breast stroke. 

Another stroke is the same positions for the arms as the 
plain back stroke combined with the leg drive of the 
crawl. 

Still another is the same, except that the arms move 
alternately as in trudgeon stroke. 

Floating. — In order to float on the back, the balance of 
the body must be determined; hence it is of ten necessary 
if the feet sink to throw the head back and raise the arms 
over the head. In some cases, if the legs are bent, it helps 
the balance. After practice, the s^vimmer soon learns to 
float. Short breaths, keeping the lungs as full of air 
as possible, are better than long ones. 

Plunge for Distance. — In reality this is floating with 
the face flat down in the water. The first part of the 
plunge is the dive, which gives the impetus. The dive 
taken is the shallow dive. As the breath is held from the 
minute the head enters the water until the plunge is 
finished, it is necessary that the lungs be well filled. 
After the body is in the water, the muscles should be 
relaxed, and the swimmer should keep the air in the 
lower part of the lungs. The plunge should be as straight 
as possible; the direction may be changed by moving 
the arms (which are stretched straight out in front) or 



Spalding's athletic library. 135 

the head in the direction desired. This motion should 
be slight, as the least friction impedes progress, and dis- 
tance is the desired result. 



Diving 

As diving is a very large subject, it is impossible to 
give in detail all the varied dives. There are three im- 
portant dives everyone should know — the front, back, 
and shallow or racing dive. The beauty of diving is in 
the form. 

The Front Dive. — The diver stands erect at the end of 
the spring board, falls forward, then as the body passes 
the balance point, the arms arc raised straight over the 
head, knees bent; then spring out so that the body is 
parallel to water, arms above head; the body is curved 
downward and enters the water, arms, head, body, and 
legs forming a straight Hne. 

In springing, jump out parallel to the water. The 
running dive is very similar. 

Back Dive. — The diver turns with back to the water, 
heels over the edge of board into space; the arms are 
over head, body is curved backward; as the balance 
point is reached, spring out, turning body as it enters the 
water. 

The position of the head is important. Ducking the 
head or throwing it too far back, added to stiffness of 
the body, makes the dive awkward. The legs should 
never be apart, but together; toes pointed, so that feet 
are not flat; the fingers should be together. 



136 SrALDING's ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

The shallow dive, known as the racing dive, is impor- 
tant for those interested in speed swimming, as is the 
racing turn. 

The Racing Dive. — The swimmer stands with the body 
bent forward, arms back; then, as body falls forward, 
the knees are bent and the spring out is taken; the 
body strikes the water arms over head, the whole body 
in a straight line with the arms and legs. Do not dive 
so that you sink into the water, but try to strike it at 
the right angle, so that you will sink only a few inches. 
The arms start the stroke as soon as they reach the sur- 
face, then the legs conmence as the arms are recovering. 

The Racing Turn. — The wall is touched by the arm 
that the turn is to be made on. The previous strokes 
must be timed so that the arm may touch the wall 
stretched straight out in front. The hand touches the 
wall (above the water line) palm against the wall, fin- 
gers pointing the way the body is to turn. 

The body is swung along the wall so that bottoms of 
the feet touch the wall (a little below the water) ; then 
with a backward stroke of the arms, which have been 
brought to the hip, palms pointing in front, fingers down, 
the body is brought right against the wall, nearly touch- ' 
ing; then the arms are forward, the legs straightened, 
thus gaining impetus; the arms start the stroke, then the 
legs commence as the arms start the recovery. 

For racing, constant practice of the start, stroke and 
turn is necessar3^ First the swimmer should perfect 
her form of stroke, then the speed may be increased by 
practice swiijis of a short distance at first, which may be 



137 

increased slowly. A swimmer should always be in good 
condition. Never swim so much as to get stale; never 
over-exert. It doesn't pay in the end. 

Choose the event you are the most proficient in and 
stick to that one until you are perfect in it. 

Treading Water. 

It is necessary for the water polo player to know how to 
tread water, that is, to remain stationary in the water 
with the least effort. The body is upright in the water, 
as in a standing position. The legs are moved up and 
down, the arms are spread out, bent at the elbow, and 
moved up and down gently. The whole movement 
should be as slight as possible, so that the greatest 
possible amount of rest may be obtained. 

Swimming Meets. 

For swimming meets there should be a set program 
of events. The contestants should be entered ahead of 
time. Handicaps may be granted if the swimmers are 
unevenly matched. 

There should be a referee to conduct the meet; a 
clerk of the course, who sees that the participants are 
notified of the events; a scorer, who keeps an official 
score; three judges, who watch for fouls; three timers, 
a starter, and an announcer. 

/Score. — The score is, as a rule, 5 for first place, 3 for 
second, 1 for third. Relay races are often counted in 



138 Spalding's athletic libr^ikt. 

different waj^s: 5 points, G points, or 8 points are the 
most common for the first place. 

The signal for the start should be: 1. "Get on your 
marks." 2. ''Get set." 3. "Go." (Pistol shot.) There 
should be no stepping over or back from starting line. 

Three false starts disqualify a competitor. 

Each swimmer should keep in her own course. If she 
crosses into the course of another swimmer and touches 
her she is liable to disqualification. 

In turning the swimmer should touch the end of the 
pool with one or both hands. 

The swimmer must touch the finish line with a hand 
out of the water. 

If the stroke is judged for form the competitor must 
dive into the water, swim a given distance, turn, all in 
perfect form. 

In the plunge for distance the dive should be made 
from a firm take-off. The body must be kept motionless, 
face down, no longer than sixty seconds, however. The 
distance is measured from a line parallel to the diving 
base, at right angles to base, to the farthest point 
reached by an^'^ part of the body. 

A certain number of plunges, usually two or three, is 
allowed to each competitor. 

In diving there are usually a list of required and volun- 
tary dives. The judges consider the form with which 
the dive was executed. (Form is treated under diving.) 
The scale of points usually is: 

Unsuccessful attempt, 0; Poor dive, 3; Fair dive, G; 
Good dive, 8; Excellent dive, 10. 



Spalding's athletic library. 139 

Swimming Test. 
The all-around swimming test as practised at Bryn 
Mawr College in a 68-foot pool, the details of which have 
been contributed by Mr. PhiHp Bishop, Athletic Director 
of the Haverford School and Advisory Swimming Coach 
at Bryn Mawr College, is given herewith. 

Ail-Around Swimming Test for Women 

By Philip Bishop. 

This test is taken in three sections: diving, plunge 
and object dive in one section; form and speed in another; 
endurance and underwater swim in the third. 

Section 1. — Speed test, two lengths to be done in 44 
seconds; form swimming, breast stroke, back stroke and 
trudgeon, or crawl stroke. 

Section 2. — Endurance test, 150 yards in 3 minutes; 
underwater swim, 50 feet. 

Section 3. — Diving, standing straight dive, running 
straight dive, standing high dive; fancy diving, four 
dives, which include jackknife, back dive and somer- 
saults; plunge, 30 feet; object dive, must pick up 6 rings 
in 3 attempts. 

The successful competitor must score 85 per cent to 
qualify as a first-class swimmer. 

This test is by no means a hard one, but it requires 
practice. The object is to make all-around swimmers 
and to teach the correct method of diving and making 
the strokes employed. 



140 Spalding's athletic library. 



Water Basket Ball and Water Polo 

Water basket ball and water polo are two thrilling 
and interesting games. They are so similar in general 
characteristics that they are treated here in the same 
chapter. 

From my own experience I believe them to be the most 
strenuous games played by women. By that I do not 
mean that they are necessarily harmful. I do believe, 
however, that they should be played only under the most 
careful supervision of a medical or physical training au- 
thority. Two points should be considered before a girl 
is permitted to participate in either of these games: 

1. All players should be in perfect physical condition. 

2. All players should be strong and capable swimmers. 

3. Careful examination should be made of each player 
when she comes from the tank at the end of the first 
period and after the game, for that, after all, is the best 
test as to whether she is fit. 

1. To be in good condition the player should have 
perfect heart action and good lung capacity, and she 
should be generally in good condition. 

2. She should be a swimmer of endurance, experience 
and confidence. The beginner tires in the effort to swim 
strongly and constantly. 

3. If the player is qualified in every respect she may 
try the game. If after playing she seems exhausted or 
chilled, and is tired the following day, then she has not 
the stamina to pai'ticipate in water sports. 



Spalding's athletic libeaey. 141 

Water Basket Ball 

[Reprinted from Spalding's Athletic Library No. 361 — Intercollegiate 
Swimming Guide.] 

Water basket ball may be played in any pool, or if 
played in the open should not cover more than 2,500 
square feet of space. The water should be of swimming 
depth, that is, the players must not be able to stand on 
the bottom. There should be lines drawn "across the 
bottom of the pool and up the sides 15 feet from the 
ends, called 15-foot lines." 

Equipment. — The necessary equipment is a regulation 
water polo ball and two regulation Spalding baskets with 
a firm background, 6 feet by 4, extending at least 
3 feet above the top of each basket. The baskets 
shall be hammock nets of cord, suspended from metal 
rings 18 inches in diameter. The rings shall be 5J/2 feet 
above the water in the center of the ends of the pool. 
The inside rims shall extend 6 inches from a rigid support- 
ing surface. 

Teams. — Each team consists of six players — three for- 
wards and three backs. Captains toss for goals. 

Start. — Each team lines up at its own end; the ball is 
thrown into center of the pool; the forwards swim after 
the ball; the backs must play back and not swim up after 
ball. The forwards are the offensive players and should 
be the fastest swimmers. They should also be able to 
throw goals. The forwards advance the ball toward the 
opponents' basket. The center forward should feed the 
two side forwards and guard the opposing center back. 

Score. — A goal thrown into the basket from the field 
counts two points, and a free throw granted for a foul 



142 Spalding's athletic library. 

by opposing side counts one point. Teams line up as 
in beginning after a score has been made. The backs 
each guard an opposing forward and try to prevent their 
scoring. 

Officials. — There is a referee who is in entire charge 
of game, calhng fouls, free throws, time out and goals. 
There is a scorer, also a timer. 

Ti^ne. — There are two halves, not less than five min- 
utes nor more than eight minutes each, with five minutes 
intermission. Ends are changed at the beginning of the 
second half. Time is taken out for disputes, accidents, 
free tries. 

Out of Bounds. — When the ball is sent out of bounds 
by one team it is given to a player of opposing team at 
place where it went out. Player must throw ball within 
five seconds or it is given to opposing side. 

Free Throw. — A free throw is granted to a forward 
upon a foul made by opposite side. The free throw is 
taken from the fifteen-foot mark by one of the forwards, 
who is unguarded at time of throw. If the goal is not 
made, the ball is in play. If goal is made, play begins 
according to start. 

Fouls. — The penalty for a foul is a free throw for 
opposing side. There are rough fouls such as kicking, 
striking, tackling, holding, deliberate splashings. 

When an opponent has the ball she may be tackled 
and ''ducked" under the water by one of the opposing 
players. 

A player may not be held under water after she has 
let go of ball. A player may not tackle by or hold to 



Spalding's athletic library. 143 

opponent's clothing, although blocking is allowed. There 
should be no holding with hands or legs. A player may 
not hang on to sides when she has the ball. The ball 
may not intentionally be held under water. 

Tie. — A tie may be played off in another three-minute 
period. If game ends after foul is made, the free throw is 
taken. No goal is counted after whistle has blown. 

In both water basket ball and water polo the swimmer 
should use the easiest and least tiring stroke. Whenever 
there is an opportunity, a rest either by hanging on to 
sides or treading water (see Swimming) ought to be taken. 
Both games afford opportunity for team work in passing 
and dribbling. In dribbling, the ball is kept in front of 
body within easy reach for a good pass if the dribbler is 
attacked. 

Water Polo 

The main factor in water polo is learning how to handle 
the ball. The hand should be placed under the ball, 
then the ball is lifted in the air and thrown with all the 
strength of the shoulder and arm. It is ineffectual to 
try to grab the ball or push it. It must be picked up. 

The ball is tossed to the middle of the pool, then the 
forwards swim up as fast as they can to get the ball. 
The forwards are chosen for their speed and endurance. 
Every forward should learn to shoot hard and accurately. 
The center forward is usually the fastest girl on the team. 
The center forward who gets the ball in the swim-up 
usually tosses it back to her center-half or to one of the 
side forwards. The forwards try to advance the ball, 
so that a good shot for their opponents' goal may be 



144 Spalding's athletic library. 

obtained. If the field is clear the forward may dribble 
the ball, i. e., keep the ball moving close in front of her. 
Usually, however, it is better to advance the ball by 
passes. One forward at least should stay close to the 
goal, ready to send in any short shots. 

The center half guards the opposing forward and feeds 
the ball to her forwards. There is a guard for each of 
the side forwards. It is the best policy for the guards 
to stay between the forwards and the goal. Stick to 
your opponent; never let her get a free shot. 

The goal keeper must be able to reach out of the water 
and catch the high balls sent into the goal. She must also 
be quick. Remember, you can use both hands to handle 
the ball. The guards always must help the goal keeper 
cover the goal area, never leaving her unguarded, yet they 
must not interfere with her or prevent her seeing clearly. 

Water Polo Rules. 

[Printed through courtesy of Mr. Philip Bishop, Physical Director 
Haverford School and Advisory Coach of Swimming at Bryn Mawr College.] 

Ball. — The ball used shall be a leather association football. 

Goals. — The width of the goals to be 10 feet, the cross-bar 
to be 3 feet above the surface when the water is 5 feet or over 
in depth, and to be 8 feet from the bottom when the water is less 
than 5 feet in depth. 

Field of Play. — The distance between the goals shall not 
exceed 30 yards, nor be less than 19 yards; the width shall 
be not more than 20 j^ards and shall be of even width throughout 
the field of play. The goal posts shall be fixed at least 1 foot from 
the end of the bath or any obstruction. In baths, the halfway 
line and also the 4 yards penalty lines shall be marked on both 
sides. 



I 



Spalding's athletic library. 145 

Time. — The duration of the match shall be 14 minutes, 7 
minutes each way. Three minutes to be allowed at half time for 
change of ends. When the ball crosses the goal line, whether it 
be a goal, corner throw or goal throw, it shall be dead until the 
restart of the game or until it leaves the hand of the player 
taking the throw, and such time shall be deducted. Time occu- 
pied by disputes and fouls, or when the ball is thrown from the 
field of play or lodges on an obstruction, as per Rule for Out of 
Play, shall not be reckoned as in time of play. 

Officials. — The officials shall consist of a referee, a timekeeper, 
two goal scorers and two umpires. 

Teams. — Each side shall consist of seven players, two for- 
wards, two halves, two fullbacks and one goal keeper. 

Starting. — The players shall enter the water and place them- 
selves in a line with their respective goals. The referee shall 
stand in a line with the center of the course and, having ascer- 
tained that the captains are ready, shall give the word "Go," 
and immediately throw the ball into the water at the center. A 
goal shall not be scored after starting or restarting until the ball 
has been handled (viz., played with the hand below the wrist) 
either by the members of one team, in which case the scorer 
shall be within half-distance of the goal attacked, or by a player 
of each team. The ball must be handled by more than one 
player before a goal can be scored. 

Scoring. — A goal shall be scored by the entire ball passing 
beyond the goal posts and under the cross-bar. 

Ordinary Fouls. — It shall be a foul: 

(a) To touch the ball with both hands at the same time. 

(6) To hold the rail or side during any part of the game, except 
for rest. Goal keeper cannot interfere while holding, but can 
hold all the time so long as she does not play. 

(c) To stand or touch bottom during any part of the game, 
except for the purpose of resting. 

(d) To interfere with an opponent or impede her in any way 
unless she is holding the ball. 

(e) To hold the ball under water when tackled. 



146 Spalding's athletic libraey. 

(/) To jump from tho bottom or push off from the side (except 
at starting or restai'ting) in order to play the ball or "duck" an 
opi^onent. 

(g) To hold, pull back, or push off from an opponent. 

(h) To turn on the back and kick at an opponent. 

(0 To assist a player at the start or restart. 

0') For the goal keeper to go more than 4 yards from her own 
goal hues. 

(k) To thi'ow the ball at the goal keeper from a free throw. 

(0 To refuse to play the ball at the command of the referee 
after a foul or after the ball has been out of the field of play. 

Note. — Dribbhng or striking the ball is not holding; but lifting, 
caiTjdng, pressing under water or placing the hand under or over 
the ball when actually touching, is holding. Dribbhng the ball 
up through tho posts is permissible. 

Wilful Fouls. — If, in the opinion of the referee, a player com- 
mits an ordinai'y foul wilfully, the referee shall at once order 
her out of the water until a goal has been scored. It shall be 
considered a wilful foul to start before word "go;" to deliberately 
waste time; to deliberately change position after whistle has 
blown with a view to taking an advantage of an opponent; to 
deliberately splash in the face of an opponent. 

Free Throws. — The penalty for each foul shall be a free throw 
to the opposing side from the place where the foul occurred. A 
goal cannot be scored from a free throw, unless the ball has been 
handled (viz., played with the hand below the \STist), bj'- at 
least one other pla3er, the goal keeper excepted. 

Penalty Throws. — A plaj'er wilfully fouled when within four 
yards of her opponents' goal hue shall be awarded a penalty 
throw, and the player who commits the offense must be ordered 
out of the water until a goal has been scored. The penalty 
throw shall be taken from any point on the four-yard line. In 
the case of a penalty thi'ow it shall not be necessary for the ball 
to be handled by any other player before the goal can be scored , 
but any player Tvithin tho four-yard line may intercept a penalty 
throw. 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 147 

Note. — A player ordered out of the water for committing a 
wilful foul must remain out until a goal has been scored, not- 
withstanding that half-time may intervene or extra time be 
played, except by permission of the referee. 

Declaring Fouls. — The referee or umpires shall declare a foul 
by blomng a whistle. The player nearest to where the foul 
occurred shall take the throw. The other players shall remain 
in their respective positions from the blowing of the whistle 
until the ball has left the hand of the player taking the tlirow. 
In the event of one or more players from each team committing 
a foul so nearly at the same moment as to make it impossible for 
the referee to distinguish who offended first, she shall have the 
ball out of the water and throw it in as nearly as possible at the 
place where the foul occurred in such a manner that one member 
of each team may have equal chance of playing the ball. In 
such cases the ball must be allowed to touch the water before it 
is handled and must be handled (i. e., played with the hand below 
the wrist) by more than one player before a goal can be scored. 

Goal Keeper. — The goal keeper may stand to defend her goal, 
and must not throw the ball beyond half distance; the penalty 
for doing so shall be a free thjow to the opposing side from half 
distance at either side of the field of play. She must keep within 
four yards of her own goal line or concede a free throw from the 
four-yard line to her nearest opponent. The goal keeper ia 
exempt from clauses a, c, and / in Rule for Ordinary Fouls, but 
she may be treated as any other player when in possession of the 
ball. Except when injury or illness compel her to leave the water, 
the goal keeper can only be changed at half time. 

Goal Line Corner Throws. — A player throwing the ball over 
her own goal line shall concede a free corner throw to her oppo- 
nents, and such free corner throw shall be taken by the player of 
the opposing side nearest the point where the ball leaves the 
field of play; if the attacking side throw the ball over, it shall be 
a free goal throw to their opponents' goal keeper. 

Out of Play. — Should a player send the ball out of the field 
of play at either side, it shall be tlu-own in any direction from 



148 Spalding's athletic library. 

whore it went out by one of the opposing side, and shall be con- 
sidered a free throw. The player nearest the point where the 
ball loaves the field of play must take the throw. Should a ball 
strike an overhead obstruction and rebound into the field of play, 
it shall be considered in play; but if it lodges on or in an overhead 
obstruction, it shall be considered out of play, and the referee 
shall then stop the game and throw the ball into the water 
under the obstruction on or in which it had lodged. 

Declaring Goals, Time, etc. — The referee shall declare fouls, 
half-time and time by whistle; the timekeeper may notify half- 
time and time bj' whistle. 



i 



i^. 



Spalding's athletic library. 149 



Volley Ball 

Volley ball is another team game which is rapidly 
becoming popular among girls. It may be played in- 
doors or outdoors and can be enjoyed by large groups 
of girls. The game is a combination of tennis and 
hand ball and consists of keeping a ball in motion over 
a high net. 

Many girls, particularly the young and those who are 
weakly, are compelled to refrain from indulging in many 
of our most popular games. These can play volley ball 
without running the risk of any serious injury. There 
is no bodily contact with opponents. The ball is soft 
and does not injure the one hitting it or anyone who 
may accidentally be hit with it. 

The space, ball and net usually can be acquired with 
little difficulty, and the ball and net are very inexpen- 
sive when we consider how long they last and the 
number of games which can be enjoyed by a great many 
persons before they have to be repaired or replaced. 

While the rules call for a definite size of court, it 
should be remembered that a good game can be played 
and lots of fun enjoyed in school rooms and other places 
that may be available, where the space and other 
requirements are less than those specified. 

The rules for the game are revised annually by a 
joint committee of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion and the National Collegiate Athletic Association 
and are pubUshed in Spalding's Athletic Library. 



150 Spalding's athletic library. 

Philadelphia Hockey League 

By Josephine Katzenstein. 

[The Philadelphia Hockey League has been successfully 
organized as is told by Miss Josephine Katzenstein, a member 
of the Lansdowne hockey team. Miss Katzenstein has been 
chosen for the AU-Philadelpliia team every year since its start. 
R'evious to this, she played on the Bryn Mawr 'varsity. It is 
needless to say that she is one of the best forwards that ever 
played in the Philadelphia League. — Editor.] 

When we consider that before 1901 field hockey for 
women was hardly more than a name in and around 
Philadelphia, and that since that j^ar enthusiasm for 
the game has so steadily grown that we have now perhaps 
the finest hockey league in the country, we may justly 
feel optimistic on the subject of athletics for women. 

In 1907, there were eight hockey clubs in this vicinity — 
enough to organize an inter-club hockey league. Merion 
Cricket Club, Belmont Cricket Club, Lansdowne Country 
Club, Germantown Hockey Club, Philadelphia Cricket 
Club, Moorestown Field Club, Haddonfield Hockey 
Club, and Frankford Cricket Club composed the league. 
Later Belmont went out of existence, Frankford and 
Moorestown withdrew, and Temple College joined the 
league. Now Lansdowne, Germantown, Haddonfield, 
Philadelphia and Merion have second teams, while River- 
ton plays only in the second league. 

The different teams must have distinguishing colors, 
and no club joining the league may use the colors already 
adopted by another club. So far Temple is the only 



Spalding's athletic library. 151 

club far-sighted enough to play in bloomers instead of in 
hampering skirts. It is hoped by many that all may soon 
follow her wise example. Professionals are barred from 
competition on any league team. A team may be ad- 
mitted to the league upon application to and approval 
by the Executive Committee. Each team has to play 
two matches with every other club in the league — one on 
the home field and one on the opponent's. 

Since 1908 a committee formed of a representative 
from each club has chosen an All-Philadelphia team to 
play outside teams, after the inter-club games are over. 
This has proved an incentive to consistently good play- 
ing all season, as one knows that the critics' eyes are on 
one in every game. It has also helped to spread the 
interest in hockey. 

Bryn Mawr, New York, Baltimore and Rosemary Hall 
(Greenwich, Conn.) teams have been met repeatedly by 
the All-Philadelphia team. 



152 Spalding's athletic library. 



Activity of Missouri Colleges 

By Miss Lorena L. Parrish, 
Physical Director Howard Payne College. 

It is with pleasure that I take this opportunity to give 
you a glimpse of the work of the Junior Colleges of 
Missouri in Athletics. 

In 1914, the organization known as the Junior College 
Athletic Association of Missouri was formed. Up until 
this time there were only a few of the colleges devoting 
much time to athletics. Howard Payne has for year.«5 been 
one of the strongest supporters of athletics for women, 
not only within her own college, but a strong advocate 
of intercollegiate sports. Since the organization there 
have been four out of the seven junior colleges which have 
taken up active intercollegiate basket ball — Christian 
College and Stephens College, both of Columbia, Mo., 
Lindenwood of St. Charles and Howard Payne of 
Fayette. I feel confident that in another year the re- 
maining three will join our ranks. We also have our 
tennis tournaments every spring. 

In the year 1915, we started for the first time work 
in track and field athletics. A dual meet was held here 
on May 17 between Howard Payne and Stephens. It 
met with such overwhelming success that we have 
planned to make it an annual event. There were several 
physicians present at the meet, and they were very 
enthusiastic in their praise of the work, saying that it 
was one of the finest moves that had been made within 



Spalding's athletic libkary. 153 

recent years for the development of our girls. Notwith- 
standing these facts, there is still a great deal of prejudice 
against this particular form of athletics, and the two 
questions that are uppermost in the minds of a great 
many are: ''Are we taking chances with the girls' future 
health by allowing these sports?'' "Do the advantages 
gained overshadow the possible danger?" These questions 
should be given careful consideration by the physical 
directors and they should see to it that the girls under 
their charge receive careful training and supervision. 
It is only in this way that we shall be able to break down 
the prevailing prejudices. I should say that under proper 
conditions and supervision the gain in health and strength 
far outweighs the risks of danger. Here in our own school 
the girls who are most active in athletics are the healthiest 
and are rarely ever absent from classes because of illness. 
Since the meet held here in Fayette in 1915 was the 
jQrst intercollegiate meet of its kind for girls in this sec- 
tion of the country, it might be of interest to include 
in this article the various events used: 

Target shooting Shot-put— -8 pounds 

50-yard dash Running high jump 

Base ball throw Basket ball throw 

60-yard hurdles (3 hurdles) Running broad jump 
Discus — 23^ pounds 220-yard dash 

75-yard dash 



154 Spalding's athletic library. 



Girls' Branch of the Public Schools 
Athletic League 

Among the sanctioned activities of the Girls' Branch of 
the Public Schools Athletic League are the following team 
games for the Elementary Schools: End Ball, Captain 
Ball, Basket Ball, Punch Ball, Indoor Base Ball. 

End Ball can be played by a varied number of players. 
The playing rules are to be found in the Official Hand- 
book of the Girls' Branch of the Pubhc Schools Athletic 
League, published by the American Sports Publishing 
Company. This book says : ''The object of the game is for 
the guards on one side to throw the ball over the heads 
of the guards on the opposite side to their own basemen, 
at the end of the opposite field. Each such ball caught 
by a baseman shall score one point for the side 
catching it. 

''The object of the intervening guards is to intercept 
the ball before it can reach the basemen at their rear, 
and to throw it in turn to their own basemen at the rear 
of the opposite court, over the heads of the intervening 
opponents." 

Captain Ball. — "The main object of the game is for 
the basemen of a team to pass the ball from one to 
another, each pass successfully made scoring for the 
team, as described under 'Score.' 

"The object of the guards is to intercept the passage 
of the ball and send it back to their own basemen for 



Spalding's athletic library. 155 

similar play." For the rules and details see Official Hand- 
book of the League. 

Basket Ball. — The Spalding Athletic Library rules for 
the line game are used. 

Punch Ball. — For this the league rules as set forth in 
Official Handbook. ''The object of the batter is to hit 
the ball into the field in such a way that it may not be 
caught by the fielders, and to run to first base. The 
object of the fielders is to return the ball to their catcher, 
who shall stand on the home plate and hold the ball 
before the batter reaches first base. If the fielders muff 
the ball and are slow in returning it to home plate, the 
batter who has reached first may continue on to second 
or third base, or as far as in her judgement she can get 
before the ball reaches home plate. The player running 
the bases may always advance a base whenever the 
opportunity occurs and the ball is in play. The final 
object of the player running to the bases is to touch each 
base and to reach the home plate without being put 
out, thus scoring one run for her side.'' 

Besides these team games, the league sanctions the 
following activities, which are conducted according to 
rules and regulations set forth in the Official Handbook : 
Folk Dancing, Walking, Swimming, Horseback Riding, 
Ice and Roller Skating, Rope Skipping, Bicycling, Coast- 
ing, Golf, Lawn Tennis, Hand Tennis, Heavy Gymnas- 
tics, Track and Field Events, Field Hockey, Volley Ball, 
Newcomb and Pin Ball. 



156 Spalding's athletic libraky. 

Intercollegiate Alumnae Athletic 
Association 

By Miss Lillian Schoedler, 

Originator and Honorary President of the Intercollegiate A. A. A.; 

Chairman of the Alumnae Committee on Athletics 

of Barnard College. 

New York witnessed the establishment of the first 
Intercollegiate Alumna? Athletic Association the world 
has known. And its organization proves beyond a 
doubt the strong grip that athletics are getting on the 
modern woman. 

In 1913 a group of twenty-five alumnae from Barnard 
College, which met for swimming and basket ball, sowed 
the seed for the present association. That seed grew so 
quickly that by 1916 there had been 974 enrollments for 
the athletic work which the Alumnse Committee on 
Athletics of Barnard College had originated, and the 
activities had grown until they included, besides basket 
ball and swimming, social, folk and aesthetic dancing, 
bowling, hand ball, gymnasium work, indoor and outdoor 
horseback riding, with drill work, polo and basket ball on 
horseback, field hockey, base ball, tennis, tramping, sum- 
mer boat and trolley trips, swimming parties, and college 
picnics of all kinds. 

Three factors have contributed to the success of the 
alumnae athletic movement in New York. In the first 
place, its activities have been carried on outside of busi- 
ness hours — in evenings, or during week-ends — so that 



I 



Spalding's athletic library. 157 

college women who work, as well as their more leisurely 
sisters, could enjoy the fun. In the second place, the 
social end as well as the athletic has been provided for in 
the making of all plans, and as a result alumnae athletics, 
through their informality and atmosphere of '^cama- 
raderie," are serving to bring together college individuals 
and groups as nothing else can. And, in the third place, 
everything has been planned as simply and inexpensively 
as possible, as witness the fact that horses are secured at 
one of the best New York academies for sixty-three cents 
an hour, including instruction, and that members who 
have no habits ride in middy blouses and bloomers. 
There is no pretense at "style,'' but every emphasis on 
fun. 

The new association is a pioneer in its field, and is being 
watched with much interest by college men and women 
alike. It is hoped that before long similar associations 
will spring up in various sections of the country, and that 
college women will soon have the organized facilities for 
exercise and recreation for the possession of which they 
have always envied their college brothers. 

Which city will be the first to follow New York's 
successful example? 

Miss Schoedler has very kindly consented to give ad- 
vice to any group of college women in any city who wish 
to form an organization for the purpose of continuing 
athletics. Communications to Miss Schoedler at 249 
West I07th Street, New York City, will result in a prompt 
answer. — The Editor. 



: ffiTHESRftLDiNO 



TRADEMARK 




The sterling mark in the appraisal 
of athletic goods 



When selecting apparel or 
implements for any pastime, 
it is well to bear in mind 
the synonymous meaning of 
"Spalding" and "Quality" 



I 



PBOm ATTENTION 6IVENnfl 

INY GOMMUNICATIOIir ' 

ADDRESSED TO PS 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS. 



STORES IN ALL LARi 



FWCOMFIfTEllSTOFSTSaM 

SS INSIDE nONTCOVEl 

aFTHISiOOl 



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TRADE-MARK 



GUARANTEES 
. QUALITY 



GYMNASIUM APPARATUS 

Colleges and schools con- 
templating installing a gym- 
nasium or adding to present 
equipment are invited to 
correspond with our Gym- 
nasium Contract Depart- 
ment in relation to same. 
Our many years experience 
manufacturing gymnasium 
and playground apparatus 
render us peculiarly fitted 
to solve the problems that 
inevitably arise. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., Inc, 

Gymnasium Contract Department 
Chigopee, Mass. 



3 



PBOMFT ATTENTION GIVEN TO 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS ' 

ADDRESSED TO OS 



A. G. SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



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OF THIS BOOK 




THESPALDING 



TRADE^MARK'^Sl^^ 



QUALITY 



GIRLS' 

SCHOOL AND COLLEGE 

OUTFITS 



We are now furnishing a 
number of women's col- 
leges and schools-also girls' 
camps-with complete uni- 
form outfits and w^ould be 
pleased to submit prices 
and samples on request. 



The entire second floor of 
the new Spalding Building, 
523 Fifth Avenue, is devot- 
ed exclusively to Women's 
"Coverley Clothes" — sport 
suits, tennis and golf wear, 
separate skirts, sport hats, 
shirts, ties and shoes. Near 
Grand Central station and 
convenient to leading hotels. 
Catalogue mailed. 



.. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

School and College and 
Camp Departments 

523 Fifth Avenue, New York 



F8OMPT ATTENTION eiVENtp I 

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ADDBESSEDTflOS 



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' OFTWISBOfll 



_^, 



sSbKeTHE SPALDING 



SPALDING 

FIELD HOCKEY 

STICKS 

No. 2-A. Head of fine grained''^ 
selected oak. Handle spliced to 
reduce risk of breakage, and 
built up of strips of rattan cane, 
with strip of pure Para rubber 
intersecting to prevent stinging 
of the hands. 

"Applebee OO" Regulation Stick 

No. 2S. Ash head, with bulge 
back of striking surface, rattan 
cane handle, w^ith w^hipping. 
Finest material and workmanship 
throughout. 

"Applebee O" Regulation Stick 

No. 2B. Plain ash, turned knob, 
wound w^ith twine. 

Spalding "Club*' Stick 

No. 1. Plain ash, turned knohj 
scored handle. 




No. 2B 



PROMPUnENTIONGIVENTOl 

ANT COMMUNICATIONS 

UDDIIESSEO TO US 



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STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



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[tu?e THE SPALDING 




Spalding Field Hockey Balls 

No. 7. "Grand Prix" Ball as used by best 

players in England. 
With two coats special elastic white enamel. 

Per ball, extra, 
No. B. Seamless, w^hite enameled leather 
cover; excellent quality. 
No. C. Rubber Cover Composition Ball ; superior quality. 

Spalding Regulation Field Hockey Goals 

No. 2. Heavy japanned tub- 
ing frame, with tarred nets 
complete, so that goal may 
be set up quickly and taken 
down just as readily. 



Field Hockey Shin Guards 

No. F. Canvas. With ankle protectors. 
No. 40, Leather. With ankle protectors. 

Spalding Field Hockey Gloves 

No. P. Made skeleton style. Fingers and 
thumb well protected with rubber. 





No. F 



Rubber Ring Finger Protection 

No. R. Pure gum ring. Will fit any stick, and 
prevent opponent's stick from slipping up and 
injuring the fingers. 




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OFTHISBOOI 



standard Quality 



An article that is universeilly given the appellation "Standsu-d" is thereby 
conceded to be the criterion, to which are compared all other things of a similar 
nature. For instance, the Gold Dollar of the United States is the Standard unit 
of currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold 
and the fact of its being Genuine is guaranteed bj' the Government StEimp 
thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and 
other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service 
Bureau of Elxperts. Under the law, citizen manufacturers must depend to a 
great extent upon Trade-Mairks and similar devices to protect themselves against 
counterfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives" or "Public 
Opinion" to assist them. 

Consequently the "Consumer's Protection" against misrepresentation and 
"inferior quality" rests entirely upon the integrity and responsibility of the 
" Manufacturer J' 

A. G. Spalding & Bros. have, by their rigorous attention to "Qyality," for 
forty years, caused their Trade-Mark to become known throughout the 
world as a Guarantee of Qyahty as dependable in their field as the U. S. 
Currency is in its field. 

The necessity of upholding the Guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark ano 
maintaining the Standard Qyahty of their Athletic Goods, is therefore, as obv: 
ous as is the necessity of the Govempient in maintaining a Standard Currency 

Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting othci 
consumers when he assists a Reliable Manufacturer in upholding his Trade.- 
Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic 
Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Excellence, by 
insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly stamped on all athletic goods which 
they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards maintaining 
Standard Qyality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual. 

Manufacturers of Standard Articles inviiriably suffer the reputation of being 
high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered and emphasized by makers of 
"inferior goods," with whom low prices are the main consideration, 

A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold 
and a guarantee to protect must necessarily have higher prices than a manufac- 
turer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Qyality 
depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. 

We know from experience that there is no quicksand more unstable than 
poverty in quaHt> — and we avoid this quicksand by Standard Qyality. 



K^yA^<:^^^^^<^^ 



LIBRARY 



ATHLETIC li 






and is ( ^ ^ 

Price 10 cents eacti 




GRAND PRIZE 




ST.L0UIS.1904 



PARIS, 1900 



,„^,;,„ SPALDING,. -.3 
ATHLETIC GOODS 



^^fWr*"-^'"™" 



A G Spalding ^ Bros ^ 

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NFW YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS 

BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY 

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